15 The Endocrine System

Multimedia Directory Slide 10 Endocrine System Animation Slide 32 Diabetes Video

Learning Objectives Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the endocrine system. Identify the major organs of the endocrine system and describe their structure and function. continued on next slide

Learning Objectives Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the endocrine system. continued on next slide

Learning Objectives Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the endocrine system. Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the endocrine system.

Anatomy and Physiology: Word Parts Combining forms aden/o adren/o crin/o gonad/o hormon/o Combining forms aden/o = gland adren/o = adrenal gland crin/o = to secrete gonad/o = sex gland hormon/o= to set in motion continued on next slide

Anatomy and Physiology: Word Parts Combining forms pancreat/o ren/o thyr/o thyroid/o Combining forms pancreat/o = sweetbread, pancreas ren/o = kidney thyr/o = shield, thyroid thyroid/o = resembling a shield, thyroid

Anatomy and Physiology Endocrine system Endocrine glands Homeostasis Hormones Endocrine system: Organs and hormones that work with the nervous system to regulate body functions Endocrine glands: The primary organs of the endocrine system that secrete hormones needed to regulate body functions Homeostasis: A state in which the body's equilibrium is maintained Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine system that are carried by the bloodstream and change cell functions

Figure 15.1 The endocrine glands of the endocrine system are distributed throughout the body.

Endocrine System Animation There is no audio for this media asset. Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the endocrine system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory

Pathophysiology Endocrine disease can result from either hyposecretion or hypersecretion. Hyposecretion can result from an injury or infection, or from an inherited disorder or a tumor. Hypersecretion may arise due to an inherited disease or a tumor.

Pathophysiology Syndrome Endocrinology Endocrinologist Syndrome: A disorder involving an array of symptoms and involves multiple organs Endocrinology: The study and treatment of endocrine disorders Endocrinologist: Physician who specializes in endocrinology

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Prefixes ex- poly- Prefixes ex- = outside, away from poly- = excessive, over, many

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Combining forms acid/o acr/o dips/o hirsut/o ket/o ophthalm/o Combining forms acid/o = a solution or substance with a pH less than 7 acr/o = extremity dips/o = thirst hirsut/o = hairy ket/o = ketone ophthalm/o = eye

Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts Suffixes -ia -ism -megaly -osis -s -uria Suffixes -ia = condition of -ism = condition or disease -megaly = abnormally large -osis = condition of -s = plural -uria = pertaining to urine, urination

Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System Acidosis Acromegaly Exophthalmos acr/o = extremity -megaly = abnormally large Acidosis: The condition of excess acid in the body Acromegaly: The result of hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland during adulthood, resulting in enlargement of the bone structure and causing disfigurement, especially in the hands and face Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of the eyes, often seen in patients with an overactive thyroid

Figure 15.2 Acromegaly. Acromegaly is a metabolic disorder in which excessive amounts of growth hormone are secreted during adulthood, resulting in enlarged bones. The illustration shows the disfigurement of the face of the same individual at ages 20, 30, and 40 years.

Figure 15.3 Exophthalmos. The protrusion of the eyes is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism.

Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System Goiter Hirsutism Adrenal virilism Goiter: A large lump on the anterior side of the neck in the location of the thyroid gland Hirsutism: Excessive body hair Adrenal virilism: Excessive production of androgens in women, leading to masculinization, which can include hirsutism and abnormal muscle and bone growth

Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System Ketosis Ketoacidosis Polydipsia Polyuria poly- = excessive dips/o = thirst -ia = condition of Ketosis: An excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine Ketoacidosis: An alternate term for ketosis Polydipsia: Excessive thirst Polyuria: Excessive urine production

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Prefixes endo- hyper- hypo- para- Prefixes endo- = within hyper- = excessive, abnormally high or above hypo- = deficient, abnormally low, below para- = alongside or abnormal

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Combining forms aden/o adren/o calc/i, calc/o carcin/o crin/o Combining forms aden/o = gland adren/o = adrenal gland calc/i, calc/o = calcium carcin/o = cancer crin/o = to secrete continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Combining forms glyc/o gonad/o myx/o pancreat/o thyr/o thyroid/o glyc/o = sugar, sweet gonad/o = sex gland myx/o = mucus pancreat/o = sweetbread, pancreas thyr/o = shield, thyroid thyroid/o = resembling a shield, thyroid

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Suffixes -al -emia -ism -itis -megaly Suffixes -al = pertaining to -emia = condition of blood -ism = condition or disease -itis = inflammation -megaly = abnormally large continued on next slide

Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts Suffixes -oma -osis -pathy -penia Suffixes -oma = tumor -osis = condition of -pathy = disease -penia = abnormal reduction in number, deficiency

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Adenocarcinoma Adenoma aden/o = gland carcin/o = cancer -oma = tumor Adenocarcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue to form a glandular or glandlike pattern of cells Adenoma: A benign tumor of glandular cells

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Adrenalitis Adrenal insufficiency Adrenal hyperplasia Adrenomegaly Adrenalitis: Inflammation of the adrenal gland Adrenal insufficiency: Reduces body’s ability to manage stress and infection Adrenal hyperplasia or adrenomegaly: A disease in which one or both of the adrenal glands become enlarged

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Congenital hypothyroidism Cushing syndrome Congenital hypothytoidism (formerly cretinism): Inability of the thyroid gland to produce normal levels of growth hormone at birth, resulting in reduced mental and physical development Cushing syndrome: Characterized by the excessive secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex that affects multiple organs, and characterized by obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness

Figure 15. 4 Cushing syndrome Figure 15.4 Cushing syndrome. This syndrome includes the symptoms of obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness.

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Diabetes insipidus (DI) Diabetes mellitus (DM) Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic retinopathy Diabetes insipidus (DI): A condition caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland Diabetes mellitus (DM): A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by insulin resistance (type 2) or complete lack of insulin production (type 1) Diabetic nephropathy: Kidney damage that occurs as a result of persistent elevation of blood sugars Diabetic retinopathy: Damage to the retina of the eye as a result of persistent elevated blood sugars, often resulting in blindness

Figure 15. 5 Diabetes mellitus Figure 15.5 Diabetes mellitus. The metabolic disease diabetes mellitus, with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and widely ranging blood sugar levels, produces many chronic complications if not managed carefully. They include an increased risk of blindness (diabetic retinopathy), kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), and heart attack (cerebrovascular disease).

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes. Diabetes Video Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of metabolism. It is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy needed for daily life. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM, or juvenile onset diabetes, results from the body's failure to produce insulin. An individual with type 1 diabetes needs to take daily insulin injections for the rest of their lives. It is estimated that 850,000 to 1.5 million Americans have type one diabetes. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or adult onset diabetes, results from insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency. Approximately 16 million Americans have type 2 diabetes. Someone with type 2 diabetes may make healthy, or even high levels of insulin, but obesity makes the body resistant to its effect. Even modest lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, exercising 30 minutes a day, and maintaining proper body weight for age and body type can help prevent type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes occurs what a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Without lifestyle changes, most people who have prediabetes will progress to type 2 diabetes within 10 years. Gestational diabetes, or pregnancy-induced diabetes, develops in a pregnant woman. In most cases, this type of diabetes goes away after the child is born. It affects about 4 percent of all pregnant women, or about 135,000 cases in the United States each year. The American Diabetes Association estimates that about 17 million people in the United States have diabetes and 5.9 million Americans have diabetes and do not know it. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes. Back to Directory

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Endocrinopathy Hyperadrenalism Hypoadrenalism Addison disease Endocrinopathy: A general term for a disease of the endocrine system Hyperadrenalism: Excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands Hypoadrenalism: Abnormally reduced adrenal gland activity Addison disease: A chronic form of hypoadrenalism

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Hypercalcemia Excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) Hypocalcemia Calcipenia Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia hypo- = deficient calc/o = calcium -emia = condition of blood Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood Hypocalcemia (calcipenia): Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood; also known as calcipenia Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar levels Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar levels

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Hyperthyroidism Graves disease Thyrotoxicosis Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s disease Hyperparathyroidism: Excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands Hypoparathyroidism: Abnormally low production of PTH by the parathyroid glands Hyperthyroidism: Excessive activity of the thyroid gland Graves disease: One form of chronic hyperthyroidism Thyrotoxicosis: A chronic form of hyperthyroidism that is an acute event triggered by infection or trauma and which can become life threatening Hypothyroidism: Deficient activity of the thyroid gland Hashimoto’s disease: Most common hypothyroidism-causing immune disorder; symptoms include slow heart rate, dry skin, low energy, and weight gain

Figure 15. 6 Hypothyroidism Figure 15.6 Hypothyroidism. Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland produces the symptoms that are illustrated.

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Myxedema Hypogonadism Low amounts of FSH and LH Myxedema: Chronic hypothyroidism in which the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin becomes thick and hard, and the body retains water, aging the skin prematurely while puffing the face and thickening the tongue and hands Hypogonadism: A condition in which abnormally low amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are produced by the pituitary gland

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Pancreatitis Pituitary dwarfism Pituitary gigantism Thyroiditis Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas Pituitary dwarfism: A condition in which pituitary growth hormone is deficient at birth, resulting in short stature Pituitary gigantism: An abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone before adolescence that results in giant stature Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Figure 15.7 Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas may be the result of a bacterial infection, trauma, or chronic disease such as cancer.

Figure 15. 8 Growth hormone disorders Figure 15.8 Growth hormone disorders. Illustration of a pituitary giant and a pituitary dwarf, both adults of about the same age.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices: Word Parts Prefixes endo- para- Prefixes endo- = within para- = alongside or abnormal

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices: Word Parts Combining forms adren/o crin/o thyr/o thyroid/o Combining forms adren/o = adrenal gland crin/o = to secrete thyr/o = shield, thyroid thyroid/o = resembling a shield, thyroid

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices: Word Parts Suffixes -al -ectomy -logy -logist -oma -tomy Suffixes -al = pertaining to -ectomy = surgical excision or removal -logist = one who studies -logy = study or science of -oma = tumor -tomy = incision, to cut

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System Adrenalectomy Endocrinology Endocrinologist Adrenalectomy: The surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands Endocrinology: The field of medicine focusing on the study and treatment of endocrine disorders Endocrinologist: A physician specializing in endocrinology

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Fasting blood sugar (FBS): Blood sugar levels measured after a 12-hour fast Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS): Blood sugar level measured about two hours after a meal Glucose tolerance test (GTT): A blood sugar test in which the patient is given glucose either orally or intravenously; then, at timed intervals, blood samples are taken, and glucose levels measured and recorded

continued on next slide Figure 15.9a Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar or postprandial test may be self-administered. A lance pierces the skin of a finger. continued on next slide

continued on next slide Figure 15.9b Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar or postprandial test may be self-administered. A small blood sample is gently squeezed onto a reagent strip. continued on next slide

Figure 15. 9c Blood glucose measurement Figure 15.9c Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar or postprandial test may be self-administered. The glucose meter will display the glucose concentration in the blood sample. A reading of 80 to 120 mg/dL is a normal range.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Parathyroidectomy Parathyroidoma para- = alongside of thyroid/o = thyroid -ectomy = excision Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): A common therapy to counteract hyposecretion of an endocrine gland Parathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of a parathyroid gland Parathyroidoma: Parathyroid cancer

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) Radioiodine therapy Thyroid scan Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU): A diagnostic procedure in which radioactive iodine is used to track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells with a scanning instrument Radioiodine therapy: A procedure to treat a thyroid tumor, in which radioactive iodine is used to target thyroid tumor cells within the thyroid gland to destroy them. Thyroid scan: An imaging procedure often used to detect thyroid tumors

Figure 15.10 Thyroid scan. The right image is the data from a thyroid scan, printed on a superimposed map of the thyroid gland from the patient with a goiter, shown on the left.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System Thyroidectomy Thyroidotomy Thyroparathyroidectomy Thyroxine test thyroid/o = thyroid -tomy = incision Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland Thyroidotomy: Surgical incision into the thyroid gland Thyroparathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands Thyroxine test: A diagnostic test measuring thyroxine levels in the blood

Abbreviations of the Endocrine System ACTH ADH DI DM FBS FSH GH ACTH: adrenocorticotrophic hormone ADH: antidiuretic hormone DI: diabetes insipidus DM: diabetes mellitus FBS: fasting blood sugar FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone GH: growth hormone continued on next slide

Abbreviations of the Endocrine System GTT HRT LH PPBS PTH RAIU TSH GTT: glucose tolerance test HRT: hormone replacement therapy LH: luteinizing hormone PPBS: postprandial blood sugar PTH: parathyroid hormone RAIU: radioactive iodine uptake TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone

Combining Form Quiz crin/o acr/o aden/o dips/o adren/o adrenal gland thirst extremity to secrete gland crin/o answer is d. acr/o answer is c. aden/o answer is e. dips/o answer is b. adren/o answer is a.