21st Century Inventions for Automotive Prime Movers P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department http://web.mit.edu/sloan-auto-lab/research/beforeh2/files/On-the-Road-toward-2050.pdf Methods of Building an Eco-friendly & Powerful Artificial Horse…. Improve, Conserve, Transform .....

Emission standards for diesel heavy duty engines Year Reference CO, (g/kW-hr) HC, (g/kW-hr) NOx, (g/kW-hr) PM, (g/kW-hr) 1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 1996 11.20 2.40 14.4 2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36 2005† Euro II 4.0 7.0 0.15 2010† Euro III 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10 2010‡ Euro IV 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 † earlier introduction in selected regions, Table 1 ‡ only in selected regions, Table 1

Current SI Engines MPFI Engines High Specific Power Fuel economy better than carbureted  Quality governing, no throttling High HC emissions during transient operation Limited improvement at part load

Current CI Religion in I.C. Engines Diesel Engines  High CR  No throttling , quality governed,  High fuel economy at part load Low specific power  Low grade fuel, heterogeneous combustion  Turbo-charging – not useful for small engines High NOx and Smoke

A Model for Secular I.C. Engines The Right Engine High power at full load  Homogeneous charge, high CR, high vol. High Fuel economy  Distinctly stratified charge, avoidance of throttling losses, quality governing Lower HC..

Future Improvements in Gasoline Engines by 2030

Next generation Engines GDI -SI

Automobiles with GDI I.C. Engine 1999 Mitsubishi Mirage 1500 GDi Dingo Pearl : Naturally aspirated petrol Engine Inline 4 cyl.1468 cc : DOHC : 16 valves : 78 kW@ 6000 :140 Nm at 3500 rpm : CR=11:1. BMW Z4/528i: Twin Power Turbo Inline 4 cyl. 16 Valve: 1997CC: 180kW@ 5000rpm: 10.0 : Fuel economy: 5.9/8--/8.8 l/100km. 2017 Kia Sportage SX Turbo 2.4L : In-line 4 cyl. DOHC GDI- D-CVVT 16 valve : 2,359CC : 135kW @ 6,000rpm: 237Nm@4000rpm : CR=11.3 : Fuel economy: 6.7/8.5/11.8 l/100km.

GM's HCCI engines now run from idle to 60 mph! The basic hardware for a production HCCI engine is in place now, with the only new piece of hardware being a combustion chamber pressure sensor. GM is continuing to work on the control software to make this a robust system and even adapting the homogeneous charge and pressure sensors to diesel engines to reduce NOx emissions. The HCCI engine achieves about a 15% improvement in fuel efficiency compared to a similar spark ignition engine at a much lower cost than a hybrid. GM hopes to have HCCI engines in production in about five years.

Development of Health Conscious Engines Called as Reaction Controlled Compression Ignition Engines. All the fuels may be utilized at higher compression ratios. These are Dual fuel engines. Control relative proportions of fuel to get a healthy engine.

Conclusions Only IC engine as a sole prime mover is a non-ideal form of horse. Despite over 100 years of evolution, IC engines are far from optimized Any new idea must consider many factors, e.g. Where significant gains can & cannot be made Cost Resistance of suppliers & consumers to change Easiest near-term change: natural-gas vehicles for fleet & commuters Longer-term solutions mostly require improved (cheaper) Sensors (especially in-cylinder temperature, pressure) Actuators (especially intake valves)

Pune Urban Drive Cycle

21sy century ULEVs

Conceptual illustration of general EV configuration

2003 Toyota Prius Ni-MH battery: 273.6V (228 cells@1.2V), 52 MPG Curb Weight 1220 kg Battery 21kW, 274V, 6.5Ah Motor Generator 33kW Engine Max. Power 53kW @ 4500rpm Engine Max. Torque 115Nm @ 4200rpm

A Faraday Future FF 91 electric car FF91 is displayed on stage during an unveiling event at CES in Las Vegas, Nevada January 3, 2017. REUTERS/Steve Marcus

The Type of Prime Mover for Light Vehicle Sales in Two Decades

Next generation SI Engines

On the Road in 2020

Needs of Horse on Busy Roads

Sankey diagram for SI engine Vehicles

Cumulative Kinetic Energy Wastage by Vehicle per Driving Cycle 42382.8 79296.9 22501.6 53078.1 9407.5 35019.5 2538.6 36748.7 4921.9 11812.9 29754.2 179702.1 29393.3 145894.5 9071.9 148095.7 97748.6 179691.7 18132.9 21710.0 1204149.7 1204.1kJ