Biochemistry depends on it Organic Chemistry Biochemistry depends on it

Organic vs. Inorganic Organic Compounds have both C and H in them. Examples: C6H12O6, CH4. Inorganic compounds don’t have both C and H. Examples?

Organic Chemistry Major Groups: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids (covered in the genetics section of the course)

Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Used for energy in living things Contain C,H,O Ratio of H to O is ALWAYS 2:1 Carbo: Carbon, Hydrate: Water CH2O Building blocks: monosaccharides

More Carbos Pneumonic device for remembering carbos: “CHO CHO CHO, go carbo, sugars and starches we do know. H to O in a 2:1 ratio”

MONOSACCHARIDES The simplest carbos Called simple sugars OH The simplest carbos Called simple sugars Ex. Glucose, galactose, fructose The formula for each: C6H12O6. Notice the ring shape, like a lifesaver C H H C O H H C C O H OH H OH C C H OH

Dehydration Synthesis A process where 2 molecules are joined and water is removed

Hydrolysis Hydro: Water Lysis: splitting with/of Literally: splitting with water A large molecule is split when a water molecule is put in.

Disaccharides: C12H22O11 OH OH

Some Common Disaccharides . Some Common Disaccharides . Disaccharide Monomers Comments Maltose Glucose+Glucose Used in Beer Making Lactose Glucose+Galactose Sugar in Milk Sucrose Glucose+Fructose Table Sugar

Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Starch: Food storage in plants Glycogen: Food storage in the livers of animals Cellulose: Found in the cell walls of plants

ProteiNS Contain C,H,O,N, sometimes S Building blocks: Amino Acids Important in muscle tissue, enzyme function, and much much more

AMINO ACID: H H Amino Group Carboxyl Group Variable Group

Dipeptides Two amino acids can be joined together by dehydration synthesis to form a dipeptide. The bond holding this new molecule together is called a peptide bond

PEPTIDE BONDS

Chemical agents PROTEINS: The Molecular Tools of the Cell Polypeptide Chains: Polymers (strings) of amino acids that are arranged in a specific linear sequence and are linked by peptide bonds Protein: A large molecule which consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded and coiled into specific shapes.

. MORE PROTEINS: Vary extensively in structure: Every one has its own unique 3-D shape (conformation) They are made of only different amino acid monomers 20

LIPIDS Fats, Oils, Waxes Energy Storage: 1 Gram of fat=2X energy of 1 Gram of Polysaccharide!!! More compact energy storage Cushions mammal’s organs Insulates against heat loss Part of the cell membrane

More Lipids Contain C,H,O H to O ratio of MORE than 2:1 Building blocks are 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

A LIPID H H H

BIG E FAT Fatty Acid Glycerol Fatty Acid Fatty Acid