The Asian longhorned beetle: a threat to the European forests? Bibliographic research Mathilde Leroy

The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) Other names: Starry sky Sky beetle ALB Area of origin: Eastern Asia Host: different deciduous species One of the most dangerous plant bugs in the world ! An Asian longhorned beetle Photo: Doris Hölling (WSL) https://www.waldwissen.net/waldwirtschaft/schaden/insekten/wsl_laubholzbock_schweiz/index_FR

Aspect Between 20 and 37 mm long Antennae particularly long, and black with grey-light blue ribs Black shining elytra punctuated of 10 to 20 white-yellow spots The adult Photo courtesy of Michael Bohne http://www.arinvasives.org/potential-invaders-of-arkansas/asian-longhorned-beetle/

Aspect The nymph The eggs The larva cream coloured elongated flattened Photo courtesy of Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural http://www.arinvasives.org/potential-invaders-of-arkansas/asian-longhorned-beetle/ The eggs Photo USDA Forest Service http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/alb/slides_images/slides/ovi.htm The larva Photo: Beat Wermelinger (WSL) https://www.waldwissen.net/waldwirtschaft/schaden/invasive/wsl_merkblatt_laubholzbock/index_FR cream coloured elongated flattened between 5 and 7 mm long legless cream coloured black head from 1 cm to 5 cm long cream coloured 3 cm long 1 cm wide

Biology Eat bark Penetration into the wood and dig galleries From 1 to 2 weeks Between 30 and 60 eggs under the bark From 2 to 3 weeks Lives in the wood 1 or 2 weeks before to fly At the end of the gallery Life cycle Picture: Michael Bohne, USDA http://www.ndinvasives.org/copy_of_asian-longhorn-beetle/asian-longhornd-beetle-life-cycle

Introduction in Europe Eggs Picture: Michael Bohne, USDA http://www.ndinvasives.org/copy_of_asian-longhorn-beetle/asian-longhornd-beetle-life-cycle Wood packaging material Photo: Scierie Amphilac http://www.scierie-ampilhac.com/bois-emballage-coffrage.html Larva Photo: Michael Bohne http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/biology/larvae.html 1996: First infestation, in United States 2001: First infestation in Europe, Austria

Disruption of the sap circulation Hosts Deciduous trees Trunk diameter > 3 cm Healthy trees Large range of species Birch Photo: Jord Gubbe https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Betula_Pendula_at_Stockholm_University_2005-07-01.jpg Poplar Photo: László Szalai https://fr.vikidia.org/wiki/Fichier:Populus_nigra-bekes.jpg Damage Larvae eat the wood Vessels are damaged Disruption of the sap circulation The tree dies Maple Photo: Deb Knecht http://bissellmaplefarm.com/blog/ Holes = portals of entry

1 cm diameter orifice in the trunk Sawdust at the axil branch Symptoms 1 cm diameter orifice in the trunk Photo: Doris Hölling (WSL) https://www.waldwissen.net/waldwirtschaft/schaden/insekten/wsl_laubholzbock_schweiz/index_FR Sawdust at the axil branch Photo: Michael Bohne, USDA http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/asian-longhorned-beetle/an-unwanted-invasive-species/eng/1432597567412/1432597616557 Declining branches Photo: D. Cappaert http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/asian-longhorned-beetle/an-unwanted-invasive-species/eng/1432597567412/1432597616557 Larva in the wood Photo: M.J. Raupp http://bugoftheweek.com/blog/2013/1/4/starry-sky-beetle-asian-longhorned-beetle-anoplophora-glabripennis

Visual surveillance (climber arborists) Assistance by trained dogs Observations Visual surveillance (climber arborists) Photo : Radio-Canada http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/771558/concours-grimper-arbres-texas-canadiens Assistance by trained dogs Photo: Monika Hagemeier http://www.wsl.ch/medien/news/ALB_Europa/index_FR Eradication  Felling and destruction of infested trees and surrounding trees Use of pheromone traps Photo: Pavuk D.M. https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3924947_f1000research-1-1259-g0000&req=4

What is the risk for european forests? An infestation in United-tates in a forest similar to European forest European forests Photo: Umberto Salvagnin https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autumn_in_Cansiglio.jpg The Asian longhorned beetle Photo: Kyle Ramirez https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/land-conservation/forests/asian-longhorned-beetle.xml Elements in favor of the development of Asian longhornet beetle: - European climatic conditions - European forest species High damage potential of the Asian longhornet beetle: Infestation of healthy tree Large range of species Forest in danger - Forest ecosystem affected - Forest sector in crisis Trade of wood in decline - Social problems

Don’t import the insect Conclusion European forests: environment conducive to the infestation by the Asian longhorned beetle Reactivity Don’t import the insect Vigilance ERADICATION Photo: WBZ-TV http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/05/12/asian-longhorned-beetles-declared-eradicated-in-boston/