Napoleon's Conquest of Europe

Napoleon

Why Napoleon? Moderates popular- bring order reaction against radical phase 1795 National Convention- new constitution Upper Bourgeoisie have power 2 house legislature Executive= Directory (5 men)

Napoleon Born in Corsica 1769 Mastered military tactics at military schools Joined army of new govt. during revolution Oct. 1795- helped protect National Convention (became hero)

Military Successes 1796-1797 Directory appoints him to command army Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances Becomes most popular general in Europe

November 1799 Directory overthrown by Consulate Coup d etat Directory initially holds on 500 troops in legislature Vote to end Directory Napoleon head of Consulate (3) Dictatorial power seized

Napoleon

Support for Consulate Keep previous reform Solve current problems Peasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land gained in Revolution Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions, promise of order, stable economy, trade

Second Coalition 1797 1st Coalition ends after campaign in Italy 1799 2nd Coalition formed GB, Austria, Russia Napoleon successful in N. Italy Austria & Russia make peace 1802 Peace of Amiens (GB) 1st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe

Napoleon becomes Emperor At 1st act like an elected leader 1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution giving Napoleon all real power as 1st consul 1802- 2nd Plebiscite made him consul for life

Concordat of 1801 Agreement made with Pope Pius VII Balanced rights of Church and State State bishops, Church confirm Bishops appoint priests Religious freedom Catholics had favored postition

1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor Title symbolizes control over France Crowned himself (not Pope) Social reforms of Revolution remain Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored

Napoleon Crowns Himself

Napoleon Restores Order Kept many changes from Revolution Secret police maintain power Opposition crushed Jacobins crushed after royalists target him German Bourbon (next in line) killed

Napoleon Restores Order Economic order Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank Social order- had much support Religious order- religion is political

Napoleonic Code 1804 All men treated as equals 3 Estates abolished Women lost any rights gained NO feudalism and class privilege Freedom of religion and property Workers inferior to employer No unions Govt. support of education

Napoleonic Code Limited liberty Easy for men to divorce Newspapers censored Slavery restored in colonies Easy for men to divorce No primogeniture

Napoleonic Code Napoleon announced he was above the law “Things don’t work unless you break the law everyday” Tie to Machiavelli

Napoleonic Wars Napoleon wants to modernize & become master of Europe (Italy, Switz.) Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria, England 1803 War breaks out with England France threatens her trade and sea power 1805-1807 France defeats Austria, Sweden, Prussia (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)

1805-1807 Victories Oct. 1805 Battle of Ulm Vienna, Austria taken Dec. 1805 Battle of Austerlitz Austrian emperor makes peace Oct. 1806 Battle of Jena Berlin taken from Prussia

1805-1807 Victories June 1806- Battle of Friedland Prussia’s Poland Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and Napoleon agree to divide Europe Oct. 1805- Battle of Trafalgar Only loss to 3rd Coalition Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet France decides not to invade GB

Napoleon dominates Europe France greatest empire since Rome Conquered land: Annexed by France Remained independent in name only Attached by alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria) Large but unstable empire

Results of Napoleonic Wars Napoleon brings Revolution’s reforms to Europe Taxes conquered lands Soldiers taken from conquered lands

Napoleon’s Downfall Love of power = downfall 3 misjudgments Cut off trade to England Make brother king of Spain Invasion of Russia

Continental System 1806 No French controlled land could trade w/ England Aimed at England who was keeping ships from France Plan= defeat England by striking at trade (industry) France and lands under her would stop importing British goods

Continental System Problem= England just traded with Spanish colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy) ports of France and her allies Result= Middle class merchants turn against Napoleon French economy weakened

Spain 1808 King of Spain forced to abdicate Napoleon makes brother Joseph king

Peninsular War Portugal defeated Response- Spain and Portugal get help of British (guerilla) England invades France Spain regains her land after 5 years of war (1808-1813) Significance- French troops held up(300,000 dead- France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is inspired

Invasion of Russia Russian was once allied with France Why? France afraid Russia would make alliance with England Russia selling grain to England June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000 men GRAND ARMY Many not French (no loyalty)

Invasion of Russia Russians retreat burning land and farms, France follows Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned when French arrive 100,000 French alive (NO FOOD) Stay 5 weeks waiting for surrender (leave in Dec.) Worst military in history (40,000 return)

Arrival in Moscow

Retreat from Russia

Retreat from Russia

Retreat from Moscow

Battle of the Nation Oct. 1813- Leipzig, Germany Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden defeat Napoleon Grand Alliance Paris captured in March 1814 Army cut to pieces Generals do not want to fight, Napoleon does

The End (#1)… April 1814- Napoleon abdicates exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast) Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by France

Crossing the Rhine

Napoleon Abdicates

The 100 Days March 1, 1815 Napoleon returns from exile support from King Louis XVIII’s soldiers Becomes Emperor again Grand Alliance gathers

The 100 Days June 18, 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo (Belguim) European alliance led by Duke of Wellington End of 100 Days Napoleon’s last bid for power

Louis XVIII

Duke of Wellington

The End (Again)… Napoleon sent to St. Helena Remote island in South Atlantic

Significance of Napoleon French Revolution’s reforms and ideas were spread Nationalism grew Led to development of independent nations