Fig. 3. Quantitative analysis of calcification at the aortic root showing the effect of long-term PD administration of PPi in mice . ( A ) Calcification.

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Fig. 3. Quantitative analysis of calcification at the aortic root showing the effect of long-term PD administration of PPi in mice . ( A ) Calcification measured inside atherosclerotic lesions; ( B ) calcification measured outside atherosclerotic lesions (considered to be medial-type calcification). Each bar represents the mean (six to seven animals) ± SEM of measurements made in each animal. For abbreviations, see Figure 2 ; *P < 0.05 versus CKD placebo; <sup>†</sup> P < 0.05 versus CKD high dose PPi. From: Daily peritoneal administration of sodium pyrophosphate in a dialysis solution prevents the development of vascular calcification in a mouse model of uraemia Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3349-3357. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr039 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Fig. 4. Effect of PD administered PPi on total aorta calcification in mice . Measurement of total calcium content in the aorta of each animal, expressed per dry weight, is shown for each treatment group separately. For abbreviations, please see Figure 2 . Results are means ± SEMs; *P < 0.05 versus CKD placebo. From: Daily peritoneal administration of sodium pyrophosphate in a dialysis solution prevents the development of vascular calcification in a mouse model of uraemia Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3349-3357. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr039 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Fig. 1. Pharmacokinetics of plasma PPi following IV or PD delivery in rats . Shown is the time course and concentration of <sup>32</sup> P radio-labelled PPi in plasma following delivery by either IV (dashed line) or PD (solid line) mode. For the IV administered PPi, all points shown beyond 100 min were below the level of detection in this assay. Each data point is the mean ± SE of measurements from three different animals. From: Daily peritoneal administration of sodium pyrophosphate in a dialysis solution prevents the development of vascular calcification in a mouse model of uraemia Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3349-3357. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr039 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Fig. 2. Qualitative analysis of calcification at the aortic root and effect of long-term PD administration of PPi in mice . Shown are the results of von Kossa silver staining representative of each treatment group. In the left column, areas of calcification can be visualized in black against a violet background. The right column shows representative results following morphological image processing; areas of calcification are visualized in white and the remaining tissue in black. CKD: chronic kidney disease; low dose: PPi low dose group (30 μM or 0.33 mg/kg/day); high dose: PPi high dose group (150 μM or 1.66 mg/kg/day). From: Daily peritoneal administration of sodium pyrophosphate in a dialysis solution prevents the development of vascular calcification in a mouse model of uraemia Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3349-3357. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr039 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

Fig. 5. Haematoxylin/eosin staining of mouse parietal peritoneum (diaphragm) for histopathology: representative section. A total of six to seven animals from each group, and multiple sections from each tissue sample were examined. Shown is a randomly selected section from the control, CKD/apoE <sup>−/−</sup> (no PPi) group. There was no significant difference observed between any of the groups (see Table 4 ). From: Daily peritoneal administration of sodium pyrophosphate in a dialysis solution prevents the development of vascular calcification in a mouse model of uraemia Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3349-3357. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr039 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com