UNIT 7 Chapter 24 – WWII: The Road to War Chapter 25 – WWII: The Americans at war WORLD WAR II

America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 24: World War II: The Road to War (1931–1941) Section 1: The Rise of Dictators Section 2: Europe Goes to War Section 3: Japan Builds an Empire Section 4: From Isolationism to War

Presidents of the United States George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880) #21 - … Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892) William McKinley; Republican (1896) Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901) William Howard Taft; Republican (1908) Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912) Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920) Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923) Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928) Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)

CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes & consequences of World War II and the impact the war had on American society. Objective 7.1: How did Fascist, Communists, and Totalitarian governments rise to power in the 1930’s?

Chapter 24 SECTION 1 The rise of dictators Dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany formed brutal totalitarian governments in the 1920s and 1930s. They were motivated by their political beliefs and desire for power

IDEOLOGIES FASCISM SOCIALISM COMMUNISM CAPITALISM DEMOCRACY totalitarian political rule where devotion to country is important and individual rights are suppressed SOCIALISM A socialist economic system would consist of a system of production and distribution organized to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs, so that goods and services would be produced directly for use instead of for private profit. Nationalism is usually used to achieve this goal. COMMUNISM economic policy driven to create a classless society where workers control means of production. Oftentimes, Socialism is just a transitional stage on the road to communism CAPITALISM a free market economic system based on the private ownership of means of production, with the goal of making a profit DEMOCRACY form of government in which allows citizens to participate, either directly or through elected representatives, in the proposal, development, and creation of laws

Totalitarian FASCISM During the 1930s, totalitarian governments gained power in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. These governments rise due to poverty and unstable governments of the 1920’s These governments exerted total control over a nation, using terror to suppress individual rights and silence all opposition. Adolf Hitler (Germany) and Benito Mussolini (Italy) ruled with a philosophy called FASCISM: emphasizes the importance of the nation and the authority of a leader. WRITE THIS DOWN!

GOVERNMENT COMPARISON No leader, directed directly by the people. (not used) Abolished - all religion rejected Calls for the fall of capitalism No private ownership, everything is commonly owned One leader has absolute authority and is symbol of the state. The state only supports religions that are tied to that state Private ownership is allowed but directed by state COMMUNISM FACISM

Stalin’s ECONOMIC PLANS Stalin approved state takeover of farmland (collectivization) resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation. Stalin poured money into industrialization (creating factories) rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing. They produced iron, steel, oil, coal Millions of rural labors were assigned to factories Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living. WRITE THIS DOWN!

PURGES & TERROR WRITE THIS DOWN! To eliminate opposition, Stalin began a series of purges the removal of enemies and undesirable individuals from positions of power. The Great Purge occurred in 1934 Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society. 1 million were either executed & millions more were sent to forced labor camps. Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power. Stalin Biography https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_ 2of8pmHYU

Fascism in Italy WRITE THIS DOWN! Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by advocating the popular idea of a return of a Roman Empire He used a fascist army, called the black shirts to terrorize and control opposition After threatening overthrow, king appointed him prime minister Mussolini, calling himself Il Duce, suspended elections, outlawed other political parties, and established a dictatorship in 1922. Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Soon the Italian army conquered the African nation of Ethiopia in May 1935.

Hitler’s Rise to Power WRITE THIS DOWN! The Nazi Party: Hitler joined (1919) and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany (1921). Nazism, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority. Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). He proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land. He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses. Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Hitler placed 2nd to Paul von Hindenburg in 1932 presidential election, soon became chancellor He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or “the leader” when Hindenburg dies in 1934 Used Nazi troops, brown shirts, to silence opposition

German expansion WRITE THIS DOWN! Unemployment disappeared, industry prospered, and Depression in Germany ended in 1936 as Nazi govt. put every citizen to work on public works projects Hitler believed Germans needed more territory, or lebensraum (living space) Saw expansion as a way to bolster national pride Main goal became conquest of eastern Europe On March 7, 1936, German troops entered the Rhineland, a region that the Versailles Treaty explicitly banned them from occupying. However, neither Britain nor France took any action. In 1936, Hitler and Mussolini signed an alliance. Germany, Italy, and later Japan, became known as the Axis Powers.

APPEASEMENT WRITE THIS DOWN! In March 1938, Germany took over Austria. Several months later, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia. Appeasement is giving into demands in order to keep the peace British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agreed to allow Hitler to occupy the Sudetenland. Hitler Biography: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iu ikQXAYVAk

Essential question How did leaders of Italy, Russia, and Germany gain power in the 1920’s and 30’s? Fear and intimidation (Black shirts, Brown shirts, purges) The wanted to solve their countries problems through conquest (Ethiopia, Austria)

The Rise of Dictators—Assessment Which of the following describes one way in which the policies of Hitler and Mussolini were similar? (A) Both were allies of Britain and France. (B) Both believed in freedom of speech. (C) Both wanted to expand their nations’ territory. (D) Both thought the treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany. Which of these best describes appeasement? (A) Rebelling against a government (B) Industrializing a rural economy (C) Giving into a competitor’s demands in order to avoid war (D) Rearming a nation in anticipation of expansion

The Rise of Dictators—Assessment Which of the following describes one way in which the policies of Hitler and Mussolini were similar? (A) Both were allies of Britain and France. (B) Both believed in freedom of speech. (C) Both wanted to expand their nations’ territory. (D) Both thought the treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany. Which of these best describes appeasement? (A) Rebelling against a government (B) Industrializing a rural economy (C) Giving into a competitor’s demands in order to avoid war (D) Rearming a nation in anticipation of expansion