By the end of this topic, the student will be able to: 1-Identify the caloric contents of carbohydrates , Lipids and proteins 2- Correlate the Daily caloric needs with the physical activity of the person 3- Define obesity ,types, predisposing and risk factors. 4-Define body mass index and how to measure it.

It deals with all the processes involved in the intake and the utilization of the proper amounts of nutrients to maintain health

Nutrients are divided into Macronutrients Needed by the body in large quantities, measured in grams per day They are energy rich foods CHO Lipid Proteins Micronutrients Needed by body in very small quantities ( <1 gm per day) Vitamin & Minerals

Energy content of food The energy content of food is calculated from the heat released from total combustion and oxidation of of one gram of this substance in calorimeter. It is expressed in kilocalories ( Cal or Kcal). Calorie is the unit to measure energy content of food

Caloric content of foods Fat Oxidation of 1 gm of fat gives 9 Kcal (9 Kcal/g) Carbohydrate Oxidation of 1 gm of CHO gives 4 Kcal (4 Kcal/g) Protein Oxidation of 1 gm of protein gives 4 Kcal (4 Kcal/g)

Moderately active adult requires Daily caloric needs Sedentary adult requires 30 Kcal/Kg/day Moderately active adult requires 35 Kcal/Kg/day Very active adult requires 40 Kcal/Kg/day Walking (about 3½ miles per hour) Running, (5 miles per hour) Swimming

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR): A range of intake for a particular macronutrient (carbohydrates, fat, protein) that provides adequate amounts of essential nutrients and reduces risk of health problems. AMDR For adults 45-65% of the total calories from CHO 20-35% of the total calories from Fat 10-35% of the total calories from Protein

Student activity

If you perform moderate activity 1.Measure your weight 2. Estimate Your daily caloric requirements

Obesity Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk for health. Energy Intake is more than Energy Consumed

Assessment of obesity Obesity is defined in terms of body mass index (BMI): weight in kg (height in m)2. BMI less than 18.5 is underweight. BMI = 18.5 – 24.9 is considered normal. BMI = 25 to 29.9 is overweight. BMI = 30 or greater than 30 is obese.

Types of Obesity

MAJOR FACTORS DRIVING OBESITY : 1- The Physical environment High calorie soft drinks. Bad eating behaviors. Sedentary lifestyle. TV, VIDEO GAMES, WWW 2- Genetic susceptibility 3- Endocrine disorders

Type II Diabetes Dyslipidaemia Hypertension Gall stones Arthritis Atherosclerosis Heart attack Type II Diabetes Dyslipidaemia Hypertension Sleep Apnea Gall stones Arthritis

Treatment of obesity: 1- Caloric restriction. 2- Increase physical activity. 3- Pharmacological treatment. to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption 3- Gastric Balloon to reduce stomach volume 4- Surgical treatment. may be performed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to feel full earlier and a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.  

Student activity

Measure Your Body Mass Index & comment on your results

Measure your body weight

Measure your height

Student Activity

Case A 70 Kg, moderately active man takes, 275 g CHO, 75 g protein & 65 g lipid Estimate the following: A. Total caloric intake B. Normal daily caloric requirements c. Acceptable macronutrient distribution range d. This person: 1. is losing weight 2. is gaining weight 3. No weight change

Answer a. Total caloric intake: 275X4 CHO + 75X4 prot + 65X9 Fat = 1985 Kcal/day b. Normal daily caloric requirements: 35X70 = 2450 Kcal/day c. Acceptable macronutrient distribution range CHO: 1100/1985 = 55% Fat: 585/1985 = 30% Protein: 300/1985 = 15% d. This subject is losing weight