A Meeting of Many Worlds Causes and Methods of Expansion Contact and Conquest Spain and the Mexica France Britain Legacies of Conquest

Conditions in Europe, 1400’s I. Black Death, 1340’s -Ec. & pop. growth, 1400’s II. Renaissance -15th & 16th century III. Consolidate power -Spanish reconquista

Religion in Europe III. Catholic Church A. Reformation, 1510s-20s 1. Martin Luther a. Personal faith b. Question doctrine B. “Protestants” C. Religious division 1. Cath., Prot., Calv. 2. Intolerance

Why Explore? I. Material gain A. Trade 1. Spices 2. Silks & furs 3. Gold/slaves II. Religious A. Conversion B. Block Islam III. Political power

How they explored III. New technology A. Stronger ships 1. Caravels 2. Sails B. Navigational tools 1. Astrolabe 2. Magnetic compass C. Maps 1. Geography 2. Currents

Who? Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488 Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492 Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499 John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497 Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513 Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River. 1535

Things to consider Renaissance & population boom Technology & early science European competition for wealth & territory Rising power of Spain Social, political, economic hierarchies Patriarchy and dominance of women Conversion and Christianity Search for labor: African, Indians No knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

Contact & Conquest, 1492-1600s I. Spain II. France III. Britain IV. Interaction and conflicts

Spain I. Christopher Columbus II. Ferdinand & Isabella III. Route to Asia IV. Caribbean V. Tainos

The Spanish Empire I. Cortez & the Mexica (Aztec), 1519-1521 II. Montezuma “Empire of tribute” III. Conquest A. War & technology B. Tarascans/Tlaxcalans C. Disease

Spanish Institutions I. Presidios (Military/State) A. Explore B. Trade C. “Defend” D. Subdue Indians -Onate 1590, Acoma II. Missions (Church) A. Franciscans & Jesuits B. Conversion C. Indian Labor

Onate Trail

Cabeza de Vaca

Documents De Vaca Powhatan Algonquian What were his impressions of the Indigenous People? How did the Indigenous people treat him? Powhatan What did he try to tell the British? Explain how this document illustrates his approach to dealing with the British Algonquian What did the Micmac leader think about the French, compared to the Micmac way of life? How might his beliefs influence his reactions to French colonization and conversion?

Spanish Colonial Labor A. Encomienda -Tribute & labor given to an encomendero B. Repartimiento -Guaranteed Indian labor to Spanish for public projects C. Rescate -Ransomed Indian captives worked for Spanish

Missions and military presidios by 1700s Spanish Borderlands Missions and military presidios by 1700s

“The Columbian Exchange” Americas Corn Beans Peppers Potatoes Cocoa Tobacco Europe Disease Horses, pigs, sheep Cattle Guns Weeds Sugar Coffee

The French I. Weak empire A. Less interest B. Trade C. Few colonists D. Catholic II. Samuel de Champlain 1607 Quebec III. Indian alliances A. Hurons

Religion IV. Catholic A. Jesuits (blackrobes) B. Syncretism 1. Kateri Tekakwitha *Mohawk woman *Catholic *Saint in 20th c.

The Fur-Trade V. French trappers and traders A. Lived with Indians B. Learned Native languages C. Married Native women *Metis D. Indian women did most work

Arrival of the British I. Late Arrivals II. Violence and Indians III. Social stratification IV. Land, colonize, exclude V. Experience with Ireland

Early Colonies I. Jamestown “settlers” in 1607 A. Military, not farmers 1. Virginia Company “joint-stock company” B. Capt. John Smith C. Almost died 1609/10 D. Head right System

Jamestown, VA

British-Native Relations Powhatan Confederacy Wahunsunacock A. 14,000 people B. Colonists stole corn C. Diseases D. Expanded onto Powhatan land E. Attacked in 1609-13

Pocahontas British Captured and held her hostage Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married John Rolfe --Allegedly saved John Smith several times Renamed Rebecca, but died in 1617

Native Responses Opechancanough (brother of Powhatan) -Warfare through 1620s -Destroyed Virginia Co. -Colonists kept coming -Patterns of conflict

Plymouth Colony 1620’s --New England, Mass --Puritans split from Anglican Church --Separatists thought Church was corrupt --Pilgrims left Europe to establish a colony of “true believers” --John Winthrop, “A City Upon a Hill”

Plymouth, Mass

Continuing conflict I. Plymouth Colony and William Bradford II. Mayflower Compact III. Wampanoag territory A. Natives help them survive B. Samoset, Squanto, Massasoit VI. Land loss and death

Massachusetts Bay Colony I. Offshoot of Plymouth A. Joint-Stock Company B. Expansion into Pequot Land C. “Religious War of extermination” II. Pequot War and the Treaty of Hartford, 1638

The Pequot War

Pequot’s Revenge: Foxwoods Resort

Comparisons, 1600s France: Fur trade, Jesuits, weak empire, Indian alliances, dependency British: Late arrivals; full colonization; hostile Indian relations; conformity & exclusion Spain: Full colonization, presidios, missions, labor, big empire, powerful state, inclusion of Indians into society

Church/state/military Britain Late arrivals Smaller colonies Corporations Families “Exclusive” Proprietary colonies Land and Property Spain Large Institutions Bureaucracy Church/state/military Encomendero Indian Labor Mestizo “Inclusion”

Significance of contact, 1600s Massive exchange of populations European power “Biological conquest” Native resistance and adaptation Expansion of Christianity European accumulation of wealth