CERT Basic Training Course Community Emergency Response Teams) Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Search and Rescue Consists of three separate operations Sizeup: Using 9-step, continual model Search: Locate survivors & document Rescue: Extricate survivors 5-1

Should I Attempt Rescue? Decision based on three factors Risks involved for the rescuer Greatest good for the greatest number Resources and manpower available CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Goals of Search and Rescue Rescue greatest number in shortest amount of time Get walking wounded out first Rescue lightly trapped victims next Keep rescuers safe Spontaneous efforts often make things worse! (Manual pg 5-2) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Unit Objectives Identify S&R sizeup requirements and levels of building damage Describe most common search techniques, both interior and exterior Use safe techniques for debris handling and victim extrication by cribbing Describe ways to protect rescuers during search and rescue operations (Manual pg 5-2 modified) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Effective Search and Rescue Depends on: Effective sizeup Available resources Rescuer safety (buddy system) Victim safety Rescuer teamwork Continuous monitoring & communication (Manual pg 5-2 modified) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Effective Search and Rescue Trapped victim survival rate. Time of rescue Survival rate 30 minutes 99.3% 1 day 81.0% 2 days 36.7% 3 days 33.7% 4 days 19.0% 5 days 7.4% CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Effective Search and Rescue 80% of victims can be rescued by CERT teams Percentage of Victims CSAR Teams 5% Entombed Void Space Non-Structural Entrapment Fire Department 15% Non-Structural Entrapment 30% 50% 50% Injured but NOT Trapped Spontaneous Rescue Volunteers CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

CERT Sizeup Gather Facts Assess Damage Consider Probabilities Assess Your Situation Establish Priorities Make Decisions Develop Plan of Action Take Action Evaluate Progress STOP-LOOK-LISTEN-THINK! (Manual pp 5-4 to 5-7) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 5-8 8

Sizeup: Step 1 Gather Facts Time of event and day of the week Construction type/terrain Occupancy Weather Other Hazards (Manual pg 5-8) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Assess and Communicate Damage Sizeup: Step 2 Assess and Communicate Damage Survey entire perimeter to get full picture Evaluate type of building construction Be sure to let all leaders/experts know The CERT mission changes if: Damage is light Damage is moderate Damage is heavy (Manual pg 5-11 to 5-13) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 10

Light Damage Cosmetic damage Broken windows Superficial cracks or breaks in wall surface Minor damage to the interior contents Safe to enter and remain CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 11

Moderate Damage Enter only to save lives Visible signs of structural damage Decorative work damaged or fallen Many visible cracks or breaks in wall Major damage to interior contents Building still on foundation Enter only to save lives CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 12

Heavy Damage Do not enter under any circumstances Partial or total collapse Tilting Obvious structural instability Building off foundation Do not enter under any circumstances CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 13

Consider Probabilities Sizeup: Step 3 Consider Probabilities How stable is the situation? What else could go wrong? Earthquake aftershocks? Fire starts? Utility failure or structure collapse? Team member gets hurt? What would these mean for the search and rescue? (Manual pg 5-15) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Sizeup: Step 4 Assess Your Situation Consider all information gathered Is the situation safe to continue ? What risks would team face? What risks would others face? What resources do I need? (Manual pg 5-16 modified) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Utility Dangers When approaching fallen or damaged utility wires, assume that all wires are charged (even phone & TV lines!) If you smell gas as you enter the building, get out and shut the gas off Only reenter the building when the smell of gas has disappeared Safety is first priority! CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

CERT Basic Training Course Rescue Resources Trained People Firefighters, Police Nurse, Doctor Contractor Tools Crowbars Auto jacks Chainsaws Equipment PPE Cribbing material CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 17

Sizeup: Step 5 Establish Priorities What tasks need to be done? In what order? How to rescue the greatest number in the shortest amount of time? How to keep my team safe? (Manual pg 5-18) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 18

Sizeup: Step 6 Make Decisions Keep in mind: Safety of CERT members and others Life safety of victims Protection of the environment Protection of property Communicate with command staff What I am doing What resources I need (Manual pg 5-18) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 19

Sizeup: Step 7 Develop Plan of Action Focus operation on established priorities and decisions Communicate to everyone involved Provide cert documentation for responding agencies continuing sizeup process (Manual pg 5-19) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 20

Sizeup: Step 8 Take Action Based on plan developed during Step 7 Be watchful for the unexpected! Document on CERT Form 4 (Squad Briefing Assignment) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 21

Sizeup: Step 9 Evaluate Progress Critical step for success Monitor teams progress Monitor plan’s safety and effectiveness Assess whether conditions change REMEMBER PROCESS IS CONTINUAL CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Specific Safety Concerns Make rescuer safety primary concern Use a buddy system Be alert for hazards Anyone can stop rescue operation Use safety equipment Rotate teams Biggest dangers: disorientation secondary collapse (Manual pg 5-20 modified) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 23

If you see collapsed floors or walls, get out! Structural Voids If you see collapsed floors or walls, get out! X Pancake Void X X ‘V’ Void X X = Voids Lean-to Void CERT Basic Training Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 24

Individual Voids Look for spaces where victims may seek protection Bathtubs Underneath desks Inside cabinets Under/next to beds Inside closets Children may be too frightened to respond to searchers CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Pre-Plan the Search Walk around perimeter of structure Look for (and ask bystanders?): Anyone reported missing; people inside Type of building; signs of damage Utility hazards: gas smell, wires, shutoffs Best entry/exit points: ease, safety Tell others what was found CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Pre-Plan the Search Specify Team responsibilities: One team searches the interior Other team stays outside as backup Squad Leader controls scene Teams switch roles to prevent fatigue Have pre-arranged emergency signals Review search plan with teams CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Search Markings Upon entering search area: Diagonal line Enter info Date Time In Time Out Areas Searched CERT I.D. Upon leaving search area: Complete ‘X’ Enter info Survivors Manual pg 5-24 CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 28

Search Markings Example: 10/17/17 In: 1430 Out: 1515 Only FL 1-2 searched Stairs to FL-3 unsafe LSB Sqd-23 2M Moved to Med Area 2 pets dead CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 29

Search Team Procedures SIZEUP BEFORE ACTING Survey the whole area for hazards What do you need? People & tools? Plan escape routes (more than 1) Develop signals and a rescue plan Keep records of all victims located Everyone, including any victims, should be aware of the plan CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 30

Search Team Procedures Call out to victims, “If anyone can hear my voice, come here”. Then listen. Ask any victims who do respond for more information about the building or others who may be trapped Victims might be in shock or confused Children tend to hide under beds, in bathtubs, closets, etc. CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 31

Search Team Procedures Bottom-up or top-down for a multi-story building Right wall or left wall on single floor Check all 6 sides of room for danger Keep records on all victims found (Manual pg 5-25) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 32

Search Team Procedures Stop frequently to listen for: Tapping Movement Voices Pet sounds Triangulate to locate a hidden victim Move slowly, testing the floor Mark each individual apartment unit CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 33

Search Team Procedures Triangulation allows rescuers to view a location from several perspectives and get better “fix” on hidden person Still need to have backup team outside CERT Basic Training Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 34

Exterior Search For a grid search Set distance between searchers according to visibility and debris Overlap line patterns Search in as straight a line as possible Mark areas that have been searched All searchers briefed CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 5-83 35

Identifying Structural Damage Stay away from leaning buildings – there is a great possibility of a future collapse with an aftershock or from the weight of the building CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Identifying Structural Damage Examine floor lines from foundation to roof Window and Door lines Garage doors & Entry Is the building leaning? Sides of building Look at nearby buildings Look for any parts of building not parallel to each other CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Identifying Structural Damage Look for large cracks around: Foundation and/or mud sills Garage doors Entry ways Out-of-line cripple walls CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Structural Damage: Pop Quiz CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Structural Damage: Pop Quiz House by summit road after Loma Prieta earthquake CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Structural Damage: Pop Quiz CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Search Markings: Pop Quiz Example: (going in) 10/17/17 In: 1430 CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 42

Search Markings: Pop Quiz Example: (going in) 10/17/17 In: 1430 LASELVA-12 CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 43

Search Markings: Pop Quiz Example: (coming out) 10/17/17 In: 1430 Out: 1515 FL 1-2 searched Stairs to FL-3 unsafe LASELVA-12 2M Moved to CERT med ops CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 44

Search Markings: Pop Quiz Example: (incomplete search) 10/17/17 In: 1430 LASELVA-12 CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 45

Rescue Operations Remove objects and debris to free victims and create safe rescue scene Triage victims Remove victims Remove debris (as priorities permit) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 46

Safe Rescue Operations Maintain rescuer safety as first priority Triage in lightly and moderately damaged buildings Reduce hazardous debris first What injured the victim and could injure the rescuers? Safe to remove? Do things the easiest way Keep plans simple; insure all know Evacuate victims as quickly as possible CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 47

Minimize Risks Know your limitations Personal training and fatigue Equipment available Do a thorough sizeup Follow safety procedures Remove debris by: Lifting safely Leveraging Cribbing CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 48

Leveraging and Cribbing Wrong alignment of cribbing pieces For heavy lifting Use any stable items Safety BIG concern Use one or two cribs as needed for stability CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 49

Leveraging and Cribbing Need 5 or 6 person squad First stage in crib Support space under object to stabilize Lever with fulcrum Next stage is lift one cribbing height Add cribbing pieces but never reach under Lower onto crib to test Repeat to free victim (Manual pp 5-30 to 5-34) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Two Types of Extrication Self removal or assist Lifts and drags Special care if neck injury suspected (Manual pg 5-35) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 51

Which Extrication Method? General stability of the immediate environment Number of rescuers available Strength and ability of the rescuers Condition of victim especially head & neck injuries CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 52

One-Person Carries Not so good! (Manual pp 5-36&39) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 53

Two-Person Carries Better! (Manual pp 5-37&40) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 54

Log Rolling (Hopefully to put on stretcher, not remove from building!) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 55

Blanket Carries Best support (Manual pp 5-38&42) CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 56

Victim Rescue Demonstration Locate the victim CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Victim Rescue Demonstration Assess the victim’s medical condition CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Victim Rescue Demonstration Get tools and equipment; remove debris CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Victim Rescue Demonstration Crib to support, then lift and crib CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Victim Rescue Demonstration Slide victim out with support help CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Victim Rescue Demonstration Transport victim to a treatment area CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations

Unit Summary You should know: How to decide whether to attempt rescue The objectives and methods of interior and exterior search and rescue Proper procedures for light, moderate and heavily damaged buildings Rescue objectives and methods How to make a crib rescue safely Building and apartment markings Manual pp 5-44&45 CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 63

Homework Assignment Review Unit #5 (bring any questions) FOR EXAM: Reread objectives for Units 1 through 8 and review manual information if uncertainties. Take exam in manual (pp 9-5 to -17) and bring questions to class for review. Bring pencil to take written exam and wear work clothes/shoes for practical. CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations 64

Light Search and Rescue Practical exercise outside CERT Basic Training Course Unit 5: Light Search and Rescue Operations