Ethnic and Racial Identity in Adolescents of Color Stephanie M. Miller PSYC 203 Westminster College

Identity Growth in Adolescents of Color Development of abstract thinking skills allow adolescents to shift from racial-ethnic categorization to racial-ethnic identification (Quintana, 1994). Begin considering how their racial-ethnic identity impacts how society views them as well as how they view themselves (Helms, Jernigan, & Mascher, 2005).

Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development (1992) Stage one: Unexamined ethnic identity Stage two: Ethnic identity search/moratorium Stage three: Ethnic identity achievement

Benefits of Positive Ethnic-Racial Identity Positive relationships between ethnic pride and self-esteem (Mandara, Gaylord-Harden, Richards & Ragsdale, 2009; Romero & Roberts, 2003; Worrell, 2007). Higher ethnic identity positively correlated to greater pro-social behavior (Jones & Galliher, 2007; Armenta, Knight, Carlo, & Jacobsen, 2011). Lower rates of depressive symptoms (Swenson & Prelow, 2005).

Benefits of Positive Ethnic-Racial Identity Greater racial identity exploration linked to higher interest in learning (Borrero & Yeh, 2011). Higher ethnic affirmation predicted more positive educational values (Perreira, Fulgini, & Potochnick, 2010). Linked to higher GPA (Sandoval, Gutkin, & Naumann, 1997; Shrake & Rhee, 2004).

Adolescents of Color in Education More likely to receive harsher punishments than their white peers engaging in the same activities (Luna & Tijerina Revilla, 2013). Racial microaggressions (Sue, Capodilupo, Torino, Bucceri, Holder, Nadal, & Esquilin, 2007).

Microassault

Microinsult

Microinvalidation

HatchKids Discuss Microaggressions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RfwnibEd3A

Negative Effects of Microaggressions Racial microaggressions have been connected to: lower self-esteem and feelings of alienation (Solorzano, Ceja, & Yosso, 2000). Higher rates of depression and anxiety (Nadal, Griffin, Wong, Hamit, & Rasmus, 2014). Racial battle fatigue (Smith, Hung, & Franklin, 2011).

Encouraging Ethnic-Racial Identity in Education

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References Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 60-73. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. American psychologist, 62(4), 271. Swenson, R. R., & Prelow, H. M. (2005). Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and perceived efficacy as mediators of the relation of supportive parenting to psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents. Journal of adolescence,28(4), 465-477. Worrell, F. C. (2007). Ethnic identity, academic achievement, and global self-concept in four groups of academically talented adolescents. Gifted Child Quarterly, 51(1), 23-38.