Pre-AP Biology Carbon Properties

Carbon What is the atomic number ? What is the mass number?

Carbon Cycle Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds CO2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Carbon compounds in water Detritus Decomposition

Carbon’s Electron shells . Carbon’s Electron shells

Carbon bonding in four different directions

Carbon Bonding and Hydrocarbons Molecular Formula Structural Formula Methane Ethane Ethene (ethylene)

Hydrocarbon tails See all the energy in this fat molecule?

Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid Choline Hydrophilic head Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol

Cell Membranes

Functional groups serve important purposes in molecules Estradiol Female lion Testosterone Male lion

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES LE 4-10aa STRUCTURE (may be written HO—) Ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Alcohols (their specific names usually end in -ol) Is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself. Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars (see Figure 5.3).

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE NAME OF COMPOUNDS LE 4-10ab Acetone, the simplest ketone STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Acetone, the simplest ketone Propanal, an aldehyde NAME OF COMPOUNDS Ketones if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal.

LE 4-10ac STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Carboxylic acids, or organic acids Has acidic properties because it is a source of hydrogen ions. The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions (H+) tend to dissociate reversibly; for example, Acetic acid Acetate ion In cells, found in the ionic form, which is called a carboxylate group.

LE 4-10ba STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Glycine Because it also has a carboxyl group, glycine is both an amine and a carboxylic acid; compounds with both groups are called amino acids. NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Amine Acts as a base; can pick up a proton from the surrounding solution: (nonionized) (ionized) Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE NAME OF COMPOUNDS LE 4-10bb STRUCTURE EXAMPLE (may be written HS—) Ethanethiol NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Thiols Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure (see Figure 5.20).

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE NAME OF COMPOUNDS LE 4-10bc STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Glycerol phosphate NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES Organic phosphates Makes the molecule of which it is a part an anion (negatively charged ion). Can transfer energy between organic molecules.