Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy Hippocampal deep brain stimulation in nonlesional refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy  Hongbo Jin, Wenling Li, Changzheng Dong, Jiang Wu, Wenqing Zhao, Zengyi Zhao, Li Ma, Fa Ma, Yao Chen, Qianwei Liu  Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy  Volume 37, Pages 1-7 (April 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018 Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Position of the DBS electrode contacts in bilateral hippocampal heads. The images after fusion of postoperative CT and preoperative MRI revealed that the bilateral white round rings were intracranial DBS electrodes in bilateral hippocampal heads. The third and fourth contacts were located in hippocampal head on each side, while the first and second contacts were located in parahippocampal gyrus. (A) the fourth pair of DBS electrode contacts and (B) the third pair of DBS electrode contacts. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 37, 1-7DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Intracranial stimulus devices. The photos showed the intracranial stimulus devices including the bilateral depth electrodes inserted into the hippocampal heads through frontal burr holes and the bilateral subcutaneous wires connected the electrodes and the pulse generators. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 37, 1-7DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Ictal onset of patient 1 on scalp video-EEG. A continuity of low or middle amplitude slow wave followed by middle or high spike wave rhythms was detected by left temporal leads (M1, F7, T3) during ictal scalp video-EEG. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 37, 1-7DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Ictal onset of patient 2 on intracranial EEG. A low amplitude fast rhythm progressing to middle amplitude continuous spike wave was recorded on the first and second contacts of SEEG electrode (LB) implanted in left hippocampal head. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 37, 1-7DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Ictal onset of patient 3 on invasive EEG. A spike slow wave rhythm was found on the first, second and third contacts of SEEG electrode (RB) located in right hippocampal head, subsequently continuous spike wave rhythm was presented on the first and second contacts of SEEG electrode (LB) located in contralateral temporal region. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 37, 1-7DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Original preoperative MRI. The was no lesion in T1 and T2 weighted images. A, C, E: the T1 weighted image of patient 1, 2, 3. B, D, F: the T2 weighted image of patient 1, 2, 3. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy 2016 37, 1-7DOI: (10.1016/j.seizure.2016.01.018) Copyright © 2016 British Epilepsy Association Terms and Conditions