India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO) ICAL ( conceptual) INO Peak at Bodi West Hills Naba K Mondal, TIFR, Mumbai For INO collaboration ISOUPS 2013 25th May, 2013 Asilomar, California, USA RPC Test stand at TIFR 2mX2m RPC Test Stand at TIFR Prototype ICAL at VECC ASIC for RPC designed at BARC

INO Collaboration Ahmedabad: Physical Research Laboratory Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University Allahabad: HRI Calicut : University of Calicut Chandigarh: Panjab University Chennai : IITM, IMSc Delhi : Delhi University Guwahati : Indian Institute of Technology Hawaii (USA) : University of Hawaii Indore: Indian Institute of Technology Jammu : University of Jammu Kalpakkam : IGCAR Kolkata : SINP, CU, VECC Lucknow : Lucknow University Madurai : American College Mumbai : BARC, IITB, TIFR Mysore : University of Mysore Srinagar : University of Kashmir Varanasi : Banaras Hindu University

INO : Salient Features Underground laboratory with ~1 km all-round rock cover accessed through a 1.9 km long tunnel. A large and several smaller caverns to facilitate many experimental programs. Frontline neutrino issues e.g., mass parameters and other properties, will be explored in a manner complementary to ongoing efforts worldwide. The ICAL detector, with its charge identification ability, will be able to address questions about the neutrino mixing parameter space – specially the issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. Will support several other experiments when operational. Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay and Dark Matter Search experiments foreseen in the immediate future. Welcome International participation.

INO Project components Construction of an underground laboratory and surface facilities near Pottipuram village in Theni district of Tamil Nadu. Construction of the massive 50 kton magnetised Iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector to study properties of neutrinos. Construction of the INO centre- The Inter-Institutional Centre for High Energy Physics (IICHEP) at Madurai. Human Resource Development ( INO Graduate Training Program) Detector R & D

INO: the physics

Neutrino Masses and Mixing: Three Generations parameter Best fit value 1 sigma error Sin2q12 (10-1) 3.07 2.91-3.25 Sin2q23 (10-1) 3.86 ( NH), 3.92 (IH) 3.65-4.10 (NH), 3.7-4.31 (IH) Sin2q13 (10-2) 2.41 (NH), 2.44 (IH) 2.16-2.66 (NH), 2.19-2.67 (IH) Dm221 (10-5) eV 7.54 7.32-7.80 ǀDm231ǀ (10-3) eV 2.43 (NH), 2.42 (IH) 2.33-2.49 (NH), 2.31-2.49 (IH) 6

ICAL: The physics goals Accurate determination of the atmospheric parameters  (q23  octant, deviation of q23  from maximality) Determination of neutrino mass hierarchy  (large q13  is  good  news !) Nonstandard interactions,  CPT violation,  long range  forces,  ultrahigh ­energy muon fluxes, ... Far detector for a future neutrino factory

INO: the location

Madurai –the nearest major city INO site is located 115 km west of the temple city Madurai in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu close to the border the between Tamil Nadu & Kerala. Madurai has an international airport.

INO site : Bodi West Hills Contact us: 90 58’ N, 770 16’ E Pottipuram Village Theni District Tamil Nadu State

Underground Laboratory Layout The cavern-I is set under 1589 m peak with vertical rock cover of 1289 m. Accessible through a 1.9 km long tunnel Cavern -1 will host 50 kt ICAL detector. Space available for additional 50 kt. Cavern-2 & 3 available for other experiments ( NDBD, Dark Matter ….).

Site for Inter-Institutional Centre for High Energy Physics (ICHEP) To be located on a 13 Ha land very close to the Madurai Kamraj University in the city of Madurai. Will act as the nodal centre for all INO activities. Will have a major detector development laboratory. INO Graduate Training program will move to IICHEP when ready. MKU ICHEP

Updates on site fronts Environmental and Forest Clearance for the site obtained. 26 hectars of land provided free by Tamil Nadu state  government for setting up surface facilities near portal location. 13 hectars of land acquired at Madurai for ICHEP. Tamil Nadu Govt. agencies will start laying water pipeline and approach road construction soon. Funds for both transferred to Tamil Nadu Govt. agencies. Fencing work at both sites will start soon. Preparation for master plan for Madurai site has started. Tender documents for the master plan and structural design for the underground lab and surface facilities at Pottipuram is under preparation Waiting for the full project approval from Govt. of India.

INO-ICAL : The detector

INO-ICAL Detector

ICAL factsheet No of modules 3 Module dimension 16 m X 16 m X 14.4m Detector dimension 48.4 m X 16 m X 14.4m No of layers 150 Iron plate thickness 5.6cm Gap for RPC trays 4 cm Magnetic field 1.4 Tesla RPC unit dimension 195 cm x 184 cm x 2.4 cm Readout strip width 3 cm No. of RPCs/Road/Layer 8 No. of Roads/Layer/Module No. of RPC units/Layer 192 Total no of RPC units 28800 No of Electronic channels 3.7 X 106

Construction of RPC Two 2 mm thick float Glass Separated by 2 mm spacer 2 mm thick spacer Pickup strips Glass plates Resistive coating on the outer surfaces of glass

Construction of the ICAL detector 18

A journey through RPC road 200 cm x 200 cm 10 cm x 30 cm 100 cm x 100 cm 30 cm x 30 cm

Early results on RPC efficiencies and time resolution Efficiency Time resolution 20

Fabrication of 1m x 1m RPCs 21

Prototype RPC Stack at TIFR tracking Muons Charge spectrum Analog signal due to muon Time resolution

cosmic ray tracks in the RPC stand Demonstrate the Tracking Capability of the RPC system

Making of 2m x 2m RPCs

2m x 2m glass RPC test stand

Prototype Magnet with RPC layers

Miniaturization of front end electronics RPC Module Hybrid Preamplifier (What we have now) RPC Module ASIC (Where we want to go) 27

ICAL Front End Electronics ASIC development Front end 8 in one Apmlifier-discriminator ASIC developed by BARC A TDC ASIC developed for INO project by IIT, Chennai

ICAL Trigger Scheme NIM, 678, 105 (2012) & NIM, 694, 126 (2012) Trigger criteria based on event topology alone. Distributed and hierarchical architecture. Detector module segmented to generate local trigger. Combination of local triggers produces global trigger. Global trigger latches event data. NIM, 678, 105 (2012) & NIM, 694, 126 (2012)

Status of detector development RPC development for ICAL: R&D almost complete. Full size RPCs (2m X 2m) are being fabricated not just in the INO labs but also by the industry. Methods, machinery and production optimisation for large scale production of RPCs are being developed with the help of industry. Electronics for ICAL: Design and prototyping of electronics, trigger and data acquisition systems progressing well. Second batch of ASIC front end designed by the INO electronics team & fabricated by Euro Practice IC Services being tested in the RPC lab TDC ASIC developed at IIT Madras. Magnet for ICAL: Prototype magnet running at VECC, Kolkata. An (8m x 8m x 20 layer) engineering module (800 ton) will be constructed by 2014

INO: Simulations

Simulation Framework Neutrino Event Generation NUANCE Event Simulation νa+ X -> A + B + ... Generates particles that result from a random interaction of a neutrino with matter using theoretical models . Output: i) Reaction Channel ii) Vertex Information Iii) Energy & Momentum of all Particles NUANCE Output: i) x,y,z,t of the particles at their interaction point in detector ii) Energy deposited iii) Momentum information Event Simulation A + B + ... through RPCs + Mag.Field Simulate propagation of particles through the detector (RPCs + Magnetic Field) GEANT Event Digitisation (x,y,z,t) of A + B + ... + noise + detector efficiency Add detector efficiency and noise to the hits Output: i) Digitised output of the previous stage (simulation) Event Reconstruction (E,p) of ν + X = (E,p) of A + B + ... Fit the tracks of A + B + ... to get their energy and momentum. Output: i) Energy & Momentum of the initial neutrino

Detector Performances: Muon efficiencies

Detector performances: muon resolutions

Atmospheric Parameters with INO ICAL Thakore et al, INO collaboration, Paper under internal review

Octant sensitivity Thakore et al, INO collaboration, arXiv: 1303.2534

Mass hierarchy with INO-ICAL Mass hierarchy sensitivity with INO-ICAL data only using fixed Parameters - Sin2 2q13 = 0.12, 0.1, 0.08 and sin2q23 = 0.5. A. Ghosh et. al. INO collaboration, JHEP, April 2013, 2013:9

Mass hierarchy with INO-ICAL combined with accelerator & reactor experiments A combined analysis of all experiments including ICAL@INO as well NOnA, T2K, Double Chooz, RENO and Daya Bay experiments

Impact of dCP on mass hierarchy Sin2q23=0.5 Sin22q13=0.1 Fully marginalised

Human Resource development & Training INO Training School: We have already started INO graduate training program from August 2008. Affiliated to HBNI. At present INO students are being trained for one year at TIFR, Mumbai in both experimental techniques and theory. Being attached to Ph.D. guides at various collaborating institutions for a Ph. D. degree after completion of coursework Many Short/long term visits to RPC labs ( Mumbai & Kolkata) of students and faculties from Universities in last several years. 2009 2008 40

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