Development The Basics Powered By: Futurenotez.com

Contents Definition of development Difference between equal and unequal world Equality and inequality statistics Human development balance sheet MDG’s Measurement of development HDI

Development MEANING: change, growth, innovation, expansion, progress • DEFINITION: The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. OR The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements and adding improvements.

Equal and Unequal World Equal world is the developed world. A developed country, industrialized country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Unequal world: A country that is less developed economically than most others, with little industry and little money spent on education, healthcare, etc.: “The world is like a table. Twenty percent live on the table and eighty percent survive underneath it. Our work cannot be to move a few from under the table onto the table, or vice versa. Our task is to move the table, to change its position if necessary, and all to sit together around the table.” - Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti

Statistics ( UNDP report 2006) 40% poor = 5% global income while 10% rich = 54% income 800 million people suffer hunger & malnutrition 1.1billion not access to clean drinking water 1200 children die every hour from diseases 1950 = 20% rich share 70% of wealth 2000 = this wealth increases to 80% Around the year 2000, the four most unequal countries in the world were Botswana, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, and Swaziland; the four most equal were Azerbaijan, Denmark, Japan, and Sweden. There is increase in growth and development but inequality increases instead of decreasing for the last 5 years.

BUT… The United Nations Development Programmed in its annual Human Development Report tries to redress the balance. There are many signs of progress in the last thirty years: Income poverty has fallen ,at the start of the 21st century, people deprived in other aspects of life declined to 1-2 billion from 2-3 billion 30 years ago. A child born today in the developing world can expect to live twelve years longer than one born in 1970 8 in 10 people have access to safe water, a five-fold increase average incomes have more than tripled, from $1,300 to $4,300.

- Source: UNDP Human Development Reports 2001, 2005 Life expectancy (years at birth) Infant mortality Per 1000 live births Real GDP Per capita ppps All developing countries 1960 46 2003 65 149 59 925 4,359 Least developed countries 39 52 170 97 592 1328 Sub-Saharan Africa 40 165 104 934 1856 Industrialized countries Na 78 11 25,915 - Source: UNDP Human Development Reports 2001, 2005

How to measure Development?

Wealth Gross Domestic Product(GDP): Measures the production of goods and services in a country Gross National Product(GNP): is a measure of income, a country’s GDP plus the net earnings from overseas. World Bank uses GNP to measure Development, and is often expressed as per capita so to accommodate the population as well.

Under 5 mortality This measures the number of children per thousand born who die before their fifth birthday. Similar to IMR but in IMR we calculate the number of children who die before their first birthday It is a useful indicator of a population’s health and nutritional status, and of social progress through health-care and educational programmes; high infant and under-five mortality also correlate closely with high adult mortality and low life-expectancy.

HDI The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of: Poverty, Literacy/Education Life expectancy. It seeks to measure human wellbeing and is currently used by many people to distinguish the level of development in a given country. Being used since 1993 in the annual UN Human Development Report.

HDI, Development Goals and Pakistan Development goals introduced in 2005 by UN