6.2 + 6.3 Atomic Theory

The periodic table and atomic theory 6.2 The periodic table and atomic theory

Things to know Atomic number = number of protons (He = 2) = number of electrons (He = 2) Electrons=protons only and onllllllly in a neutral atom. How do you know it’s neutral? It does NOT have any ion charge!!! Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons 4 = 2 + 2

Name Atomic mass Number of protons (Atomic number) Number of electrons Number of neutrons K V Cl

So let’s talk about location now! So we know how many protons, electrons and neutrons each atom has…. Well, where do we find them? Can we draw them? p+ n e

Bohr Diagrams Bohr models show electron arrangement in shells

Drawing Bohr Diagrams Bohr diagrams map out the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. Step 1: Draw the nucleus with the number of protons and neutrons Step 2: Draw the electrons in their shells 1st shell fills with 2 electrons 2nd shell fills with 8 electrons 3rd shell fills with 8 electrons 4th shell fills with 18 electrons K p= 19 n=20 K p= 19 n=20 The outside shell is called the valence shell The electrons in the valence shell are called valence electrons

Together: Draw the Bohr diagram for the following

Try: Draw the Bohr diagram for the following

Elements in the same period have the same number of shells Bohr Model Patterns See page 66 Chemical families on the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons Elements in the same period have the same number of shells Period number indicates the number of electron shells

Valence Electrons: Total number of electrons in the most outer shells that can participate in a chemical bond. Atom Group K I Ca 2 Ga 13 Ge 14 As 15 Se 16 Br 17 Kr 18 # of valence e-

ATOMS LIKE TO BE AS STABLE AS POSSIBLE All the elements on the periodic table are neutral atoms. Meaning, they have not gained or lost any electrons. However, all these elements tend to lose or gain electrons to become as stable as possible! When neutral atoms lose or gain electrons, they become _____________

SO HOW DO ATOMS BECOME STABLE? Let us take a look at the noble gases Noble gases are very unreactive because their atoms have _______ valence shells. Filled shells make atoms __________ Filled means the atom has 2,8, or 18 electrons in the valence shell! But atoms with unfilled shells tend to lose or gain electrons to become filled.

Atom Stability Atoms, other than the noble gases, gain or lose electrons in order to achieve the stability of noble gases. Gaining or losing electrons makes atoms into ions.

To gain or to lose, that is the question! If an atom has 1,2,3 electrons in the valence shell, it will tend to _____ electrons to become stable. If an atom has 4,5,6,7 electrons in the valence shell, it will tend to ______ electrons to become stable. If an atom has 8 electrons? Wellllll…it’s already stable!!! ☺ unreactive! Like all the noble gases.

ION CHARGES When an atom loses electrons, it gets a positive charge. It becomes a positive ion. Ca When an atom gains electrons, it gets a negative charge. It becomes a negative ion. O

What is the ion charge for? Be

Atom Stability Metals lose electrons to form positive ions Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions Ions have a similar electron arrangement to the nearest noble gas There is a nice trend on the periodic table to help you out ☺ let’s see what it is!

How to figure out ion charges using the periodic table

Give the ion charges for the following Ca Br O Na

6.3 chemical families Page 158

Homework 6.2 Page 156 1,2,3,4 6.3 Page 161 9,10

Chapter 6 review Page 166 1,2,3,7,9,12,13