The Evolution and Classification of Plants Plant Diversity The Evolution and Classification of Plants

Warm-up: Answer for Each Slide # 2 Warm-up: Answer for Each True or False All plants perform photosynthesis. All plants need water and nutrients. All plants reproduce using flowers. All plants reproduce using seeds.

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Slide # 3 Multicellular eukaryotes Photosynthetic autotrophs containing chloroplasts. Non-motile (fixed to one spot) Cell walls made of cellulose Respond to environment and grow by using hormones

What Plants Need to Survive Slide # 4 Sunlight Gas exchange - System for taking in CO2 and releasing O2 Water Minerals All are needed so that plants can carry out photosynthesis!

Cladogram of Kingdom Plantae Slide # 5 Cladogram of Kingdom Plantae Green algae Moss Vascular tissue Seeds Flowers Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Problems with Living on Land Slide # 6 Problems with Living on Land The ancestors of plants were multicellular green algae. They were completely immersed in water & dissolved minerals. To move onto land, plants had to solve these problems: How to get chemical resources (water, minerals, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) separated into air and soil How to transport resources within the plant. How to keep from drying out How to reproduce without water

SOLUTIONS (ADAPTATIONS) Slide # 7 SOLUTIONS (ADAPTATIONS) Leaves (CO2) and roots (H2O) Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant Have a protective layer – cuticle (waxy outer layer) to keep from drying out Specialized structures for reproduction including spores & seeds that do not dry out

Vascular Tissue Slide # 8 1. Vascular Tissue- hollow tube-like cells that transports materials throughout the plant Xylem- transports H20 up from roots. Phloem- transports food made in photosynthesis to where it is needed in the plant. Xylem (water) Phloem (food)

Bryophytes - NONVASCULAR Slide # 9 Bryophytes - NONVASCULAR Live in moist, shady areas NO vascular (transport) system Small size because no vascular tissue No true roots, stems, or leaves Need water for reproduction. Reproduces using spores, -asexual cell that can grow into a new organism. Examples: Moss, Liverworts, & Hornworts moss liverworts hornworts

There are 11,000 species of ferns. Slide # 10 Ferns - Seedless Vascular Plants Have vascular tissue. Have true roots, stems & leaves They grow in moist, shady habitats. Have underground stems, roots, & large leaves called fronds. Reproduce using spores, NOT seeds. There are 11,000 species of ferns. Sori

Seed Plants ADVANTAGE: reproduction IS NOT dependent on water: Slide # 11 ADVANTAGE: reproduction IS NOT dependent on water: Seed contains A fully developed embryo Food supply for embryo A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out Sperm transferred in water-proof pollen through pollination by wind or animals. Developed seed-bearing structures: Cones & Flowers embryo endosperm Seed coat

Gymnosperms- “naked seed” Slide # 12 1. Cycad (Sago palm), 2. Ginkgo, 3. Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees) Sago Palm Ginkgo Ginkgo

Gymnosperms-Conifers Sequoia Slide # 13 Gymnosperms-Conifers Most common gymnosperms are Conifers Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevents freezing. Juniper Pine

Slide # 14 Slide # 14 Conifer Reproduction 1. Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds. 2. Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind. 3. Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind. Pollen Seed Cone Pollen Cone

Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds” Slide # 15 Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds” 1. Flowering plants that encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color and offering nectar) 2. Pollinators are flying insects, birds, and bats that transfer pollen from flower to flower. 3. Flowers contain ovaries, which is where eggs/seeds are produced. 4. A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds.

Unusual Flowers Oak tree flowers Maple tree flowers Mesquite tree flowers

Two Divisions of Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots Slide # 16 Two Divisions of Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots