Chapter 1 Lecture Outline The Study of Life See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

mushroom on northern forest floor male peacock displaying feathers Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. monarch butterfly feeding on nectar Masai giraffes giant sequoia planet Earth mushroom on northern forest floor male peacock displaying feathers humans in a city (sequoia): © Robert Glusic/Getty RF; (mushroom): © IT Stock/Age Fotostock RF; (peacock): © Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF; (humans): © Heath Korvola/UpperCut Images/Getty RF; (giraffes): © Dr. Sylvia S. Mader; (butterfly): © Creatas/PunchStock RF; (Earth): © Ingram Publishing/Alamy RF

1.1 The Characteristics of Life Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth. Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms. All living things have certain characteristics in common.

Living Things: Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. A cell is the smallest unit of life. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. Several tissues join together to form an organ. Organs work together to form an organ system. Organisms tree human Organ Systems organ system Organs leaf brain Tissues leaf tissues nerve tissue plant cell nerve cell Cells DNA molecule Molecules Atoms

Living things need an outside source of materials and energy to maintain their organization and carry on life’s other activities. Energy – capacity to do work

Growth – increase is size or number of cells Development – changes that take place from conception to death

1.2 The Classification of Living Things Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities. Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.

Domains Domains are the largest classification category. Biologists assign organisms to one of three domains based on biochemical and genetic evidence. Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bounded nucleus. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bounded nucleus.

Domain Archaea Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes. Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.

Domain Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth. Some bacteria cause disease but many are beneficial.

Domain Eukarya The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms. Kingdom Protista – may be several kingdoms Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdom Organization T ype of Nutrition Representative Organisms Complex single cell, some multicellular Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Protozoans, algae, water molds, and slime molds Protista paramecium euglenoid slime mold dinoflagellate Some unicellular, most multicellular filamentous forms with specialized complex cells Fungi Absorb food Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms black bread mold yeast mushroom bracket fungus Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Mosses, ferns, nonwoody and woody flowering plants Plantae Photosynthesize food nonwoody flowering plant moss fern pine tree Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals Animalia Ingest food sea star earthworm finch raccoon c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERI A DOMAIN EUKARYA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERI A Methanosarcina mazei Escherichia coli a. Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments. 1.6 m b. Bacteria are found nearly everywhere. 1.5 m DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdom Organization T ype of Nutrition Representative Organisms Complex single cell, some multicellular Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Protozoans, algae, water molds, and slime molds Protista paramecium euglenoid slime mold dinoflagellate Some unicellular, most multicellular filamentous forms with specialized complex cells Fungi Absorb food Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms black bread mold yeast mushroom bracket fungus Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Mosses, ferns, nonwoody and woody flowering plants Plantae Photosynthesize food nonwoody flowering plant moss fern pine tree Multicellular form with specialized complex cells Invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals Animalia Ingest food sea star earthworm finch raccoon c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms. (bacteria): © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (archaean): © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Least inclusive Most inclusive

Categories of Classification

Scientific Names Taxonomy is the assignment of a binomial to each species. Binomial (two name) Genus name, species name Genus capitalized, both words in italics Examples: Homo sapiens Pisum sativum Felis domesticus

1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found. Population All the members of a species within a particular area Community All the different populations in the same area

1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere Ecosystem Community interact among themselves and with the physical environment (soil, atmosphere, etc.) Characterized by Chemical cycling – chemicals move from 1 species to another Energy flow – energy flows from the sun, through plants, through the food chain

solar energy WASTE MATERIAL,DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat solar energy heat heat heat heat heat WASTE MATERIAL,DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION Chemical cycling Energy flow

Climate largely determines where different ecosystems are found around the globe The two most biologically diverse ecosystems—tropical rain forests and coral reefs—occur where solar energy is most abundant.

great barracuda attached algae white shark green moray yellowtail Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. great barracuda attached algae white shark green moray yellowtail snapper yellow jack foureye butterfly fish Spanish hogfish corals bar jack queen angelfish sponges parrotfish sea urchin Bermuda chub spiny lobster surgeonfish phytoplankton zooplankton yellowtail damselfish sea star detritus sea grass

The Human Species The human species tends to modify existing ecosystems for its own purposes. Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are severely threatened as global human population increases. Human begins depends on healthy ecosystems for food, medicine, and raw materials.

Biodiversity Ecompasses As many as 5-30 million species on Earth Total number of species The variability in their genes The ecosystems in which they live As many as 5-30 million species on Earth Human activities cause the extinction of about 400 species per day.

1.4 The Process of Science Biology is the scientific study of life. Biologists—and all scientists—generally test hypotheses using the scientific method.

Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. Experiment/Observations Conclusion The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Scientific Theory Many experiments and observations support a theory. Courtesy Leica Microsystems, Inc.

The Process of Science Inductive reasoning occurs whenever a person uses creative thinking to combine isolated f A scientist comes up with a hypothesis, a tentative explanation for the natural event. acts into a cohesive whole. To determine how to test a hypothesis, a scientist uses deductive reasoning. Involves “if, then” logic

Scientific theory Concepts that join together well-supported and related hypotheses. In science, a theory is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data. Examples – Cell , homeostasis, gene, ecosystem, and evolution The theory of evolution is the unifying concept of biology.

A Controlled Study Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups: Control Group – receives no treatment Experimental Group – receives treatment

The Experiment HYPOTHESIS: A pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation will cause winter wheat production to increase as well as or better than the use of nitrogen fertilizer. PREDICTION: Wheat production (biomass) following the growth of pigeon peas will surpass wheat biomass following nitrogen fertilizer treatment.

no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control pot Test pot Test pot no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation a. Control pot and three types of test pots Test pot 45 kg of nitrogen/ha Courtesy Jim Bidlack

Control – no fertilization treatment Tests Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (45kg/ha) Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (90kg/ha) Pigeon pea plants tilled into soil and then winter wheat planted All other conditions the same in all pots

Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 20 Control Pots = no fertilization treatment Test Pots 15 = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10 5 year 1 year 2 year 3 b. Results

no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control pot Test pot Test pot no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation 20 Control Pots = no fertilization treatment 15 Test Pots = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10 a. Control pot and three types of test pots Test pot 45 kg of nitrogen/ha 5 year 1 year 2 year 3 b. Results Courtesy Jim Bidlack

The Experiment Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. At the end of two years, the yield of winter wheat following a pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation was better than for the other type pots.

1.5 Science and Social Responsibility Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose. Technology has both benefits and drawbacks. Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone. Responsibility for how to use scientific technology must reside with people from all walks of life, not with scientists alone