7 April 11 DRILL 3-6 Quiz Tomorrow on Renewable and Nonrenewable Fuel IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 DRILL Quiz Tomorrow on Renewable and Nonrenewable Fuel How many pie charts could you create from the following information? What would you title each? U.S. Primary Energy Use by Source and Sector http://perotcharts.com/2008/07/us-primary-energy-consumption-by-source-and-sector-2007/

Quiz Review Fuels – Nonrenewable 3-6 Fossil Fuels Coal Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Quiz Review Fuels – Nonrenewable Fossil Fuels Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Source? Extraction methods? Details? Nuclear Nuclear fuel cycle – 3 stages Front End Service Period Back End http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Fuels – Nonrenewable http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Fuels – Nonrenewable http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_disasters/nuclear_disasters.html

Quiz Review Fuels – Renewable 3-6 IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Quiz Review Fuels – Renewable Renewable Resource: A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users. Biofuel Sources – biowaste, edible foods, non-edible parts of foods, algae Types – veg. oil, bioalcohols, biodiesel, solid biofuels (biomass) http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Quiz Review Pie Charts 3-6 IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Quiz Review Pie Charts Make sure you bring ruler, protractor, and compass http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-6 UNIT 3 Topics Covered IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER UNIT 3 Topics Covered Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power Trigonometry and Vectors Energy and Power Impacts of Current Generation and Use

Power Plants 3-6 Types of Power Plants IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants Types of Power Plants The engine, motor, and related parts Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input Electricity generating station Typically what is referred to by “power plant” Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Terminology IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Terminology Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace Thermodynamic – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons Mills – grinding Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. tech. after wheel 1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – four stroke Otto Engine / Otto Cycle Nicolaus Otto first to develop functioning 4-stroke engine Uses spark plugs to ignite fuel/air mixture http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steam_engine_drawings http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal-combustion_engine

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – four stroke Cycle begins at Top Dead Center (TDC) Intake – fuel and air enter cylinder Compression – fuel mixture under pressure Combustion – causes expansion against piston Exhaust – Cooled combustion products exhausted http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine#Two-stroke

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines 7 IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines 7 Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – four stroke Identify the following components: Piston Connecting rod Crankshaft Valves Spark plug Cams Cam shaft Cylinder Crank Case 6 6 5 4 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Four_stroke_cycle_compression.jpg 8 1 2 3 9

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – two stroke Does not have valves – simplifies construction and lowers weight Fire once every revolution, instead of every other (4-stroke) – power boost Work in any orientation (4-stroke limited due to oil flow) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_engine

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – two stroke Compression/Charging Compression of air/fuel/oil mixture Fuel pulled into crankcase by vacuum – “charging” Transfer/Exhaust Spark ignition Intake port exposed Exhaust forced out http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html

Returns unused fuel to cylinder Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – two stroke Notice in this animation the “return positive pressure” What purpose does it fulfill? Returns unused fuel to cylinder http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html

Power Plants – Engines 3-2 Gasoline IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Power Plants – Engines Gasoline Petroleum-derived liquid mixture, primarily fuel in internal combustion engines (not external combustion or gas turbine engines) Enhanced with additives to tune performance and reduce emissions Enhanced with isooctane to prevent engine “knocking” http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT “same” 8 hydrocarbon

Power Plants – Engines 3-2 Gasoline – Octane Rating IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Power Plants – Engines Gasoline – Octane Rating Engine Knocking – when combustion occurs in the cylinder at the wrong time Not due to spark plug igniting incorrectly Due to pressure exploding fuel before plug ignites Octane Rating – the higher the rating, the less knocking High performance cars operate at higher pressures – require higher octane. Standard performance cars – higher octane waste of $ http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Power Plants – Engines Engines - Cams IOT POLY ENGINEERING Power Plants – Engines Engines - Cams Cam – lobes that force open valves Camshaft – cylindrical rod that runs length of cylinder bank Explain the operation of the valves: http://www.ul.ie/~kirwanp/linkstoanimations.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft

Power Plants – Engines Engines – Internal Combustion Engine IOT POLY ENGINEERING Power Plants – Engines Engines – Internal Combustion Engine Identify the type of internal combustion engine: 4-Stroke I.C.E. 2-Stroke I.C.E. http://www.ul.ie/~kirwanp/linkstoanimations.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft