Class Aves Feathers No teeth Flexible long neck Scales on legs One occipital condyle Scales on legs Bones with air spaces Endothermic Four chambered heart

Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species

1) Subclass Archaeornithes - Old birds Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) 2) Subclass Neornithes - New birds i) Superorder Odontognathae - Toothed birds; Extinct; (Cretaceous Fossils) ii) Superorder Paleognathae - "Ancient Jaw" Modern birds with a primitive palate 5 Orders iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw" Modern birds with a modern (flexible) palate 25 Orders

Subclass Archaeornithes Old birds Ancestral birds; Extinct; (Jurassic Fossils) Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx Oldest known fossils from late Jurassic period Bird Characteristics: feathers, hollow bones and furcula (wishbone that stabilized shoulder joint for flight) Dinosaur Characteristics: teeth, claws on forelimbs and long, bony tail

Superorder Paleognathae a) Reduced keel Order TINAMIFORMES Tinamous b) No keel & flightless (Ratites) Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Ostrich Order RHEIFORMES Rheas Order CASUARIIFORMES Emu & Cassowaries Order DINORNITHIFORMES extinct Order APTERYGIFORMES Kiwis

Order Struthioniformes Large flightless bird Two toes

iii) Superorder Neognathae - "New Jaw” GALLIFORMES Gallinaceous birds 290 species ANSERIFORMES Waterfowl & Screamers 162 species SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins 17 species GAVIIFORMES Loons 5 species PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenoses 112 species PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes 22 species PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Flamingoes 5 species CICONIIFORMES Storks, Herons, Ibises 116 species PELECANIFORMES Full-webbed Swimmers 65 species FALCONIFORMES Diurnal birds of prey 304 species GRUIFORMES Cranes, rails, & allies 212 species CHARADRIIFORMES Shorebirds, gulls, & allies 367 species

COLUMBIFORMES Pigeons & doves 308 species PSITTACIFORMES Parrots 364 species OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzin 1 species MUSOPHAGIFORMES Turacos 23 species CUCULIFORMES Cuckoos 138 species STRIGIFORMES Owls 180 species CAPRIMULGIFORMES Nightjars & allies 118 species APODIFORMES Swifts & hummingbirds 429 species COLIIFORMES Mousebirds 6 species TROGONIFORMES Trogons 39 species CORACIIFORMES Kingfishers, & allies 209 species PICIFORMES Woodpeckers, & allies 398 species PASSERIFORMES Perching birds 5753 species

ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES Heavy body Flightless Flipperlike wings for swimming Well-insulated with fat Example: penguins

Order Pelecaniformes Gular sac

Order Ciconiiformes Long legs for wading Long necks

Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet

Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon

Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays

Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves

Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls

Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds

Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey Pheasants Quail

Order Charadriiformes Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls

Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak Bright colors Parrots Parakeets

Adaptations for Flight Honey combed bones Air cavities Less weight Copy me

Adaptations for Flight Enlarged sternum Flight muscle attachment Long neck balance Copy me

Adaptations for Flight Wing lift Copy me

Adaptations for Flight Feathers Light weight Strong Copy me

Adaptations for Flight Reduce body weight No teeth No urinary bladder

Digestive System Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Cloaca Storage Enzymes Grind food Cloaca Waste Reproduction

Vision Up to 8 times keener than human vision Each eye moves indendtantly

Respiratory System Nine air sacs Fresh air always moving Connect to lungs and centers of bones Cools the bird Fresh air always moving