Public Policy Process Ghanashyam Bhattarai bhattaraig.62@gmail.com

Objectives: to Analyze the process of Public Policy What is Public Policy? What is Policy Making Process? Public Policy Framework and Model Public Policy Framework Policy Models 2

Objectives: to Analyzing Public Policy Formation Approaches and Implementation for Public Policy Formation   Designing Policy Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks Monitoring and Evaluation Plans, Frameworks, Methods & Process 3

What is a Public Policy? 4

Public Policy is Statement of arguments rationalizing a course of actions of a government Plan of action Contract or certificate (of insurance) System of Law, Regulatory measures, courses of action and funding priorities concerning with public issues or matter Political, Managerial, Financial and Administrative mechanism arranged to reach explicit goals 5

Public Policy is In totality, it is a sum of public (government) activities affecting the citizens at large Thus Purposive course of action that is consistently followed in dealing with a problem. 6

Policy Contains following Elements: Intentions Goals Plan or Proposal Programs Decision or Choice Effects 7

Some Public Policy Areas Criminal Justice Education Policy Economic Policy Environmental Policy Energy Policy Foreign Policy Insurance Policy Health Care Policy (Preventive and Curative) Social welfare policy, etc 8

Approaches of Making Public Policy Micro-scale: focuses on individual problem and its solution Meso-scale: focuses on political process and involves stakeholders Macro-scale: focuses on system and context and structural nature in problems interpretation 9

Is Public Policy free of problems? The answer is NO. The main problems is it fails to address interests of non stakeholder Public Forums Civil Societies Undefined groups 10

Policy Making Process Why need process? Basis for following process “A problem well formulated is a problem half solved” To learn on how to look at a problem from multiple prospective for achieving the best problem defined and possible (feasible) solution 11

Analysis of public problem supports the decision makers to determine: whether or not a new policy is required If a policy exists, whether or not , it needs to be modified Analyze policy retrospectively or prospectively Compare with others in similar situation Assess implications Explore staged of development of policy 12

Analyzing public policy? Actions Information sought Defining Condition giving rise to a problem Prediction Assessing Consequences Prescription Causes of Action Description Causes and Consequences of action Evaluation Value assessment 13

Perspective Policy Analysis 1. Onsite sanitation policy: The Government has taken a policy on sanitation in rural areas that waste generated in household shall be managed at house level. The wastewater generated is managed at house level. 2. Output Based Allowance Policy The poor households (not exceeding 5% of total households in the project area of second small town waster supply and sanitation project) get cash subsidies for constructing a latrines. The subsidies are paid on the basis of the output; construction and use of latrine at house level. This policy has generated an encouraging result in the area of sanitation in the project areas. 14

Types of Policy Analysis Perspective Policy Analysis Production and transformation of information before policy actions Suffers from inadequate and unreliable information about change in values, goals and objectives which occur after policy implementation 15

Types ………. Retrospective Policy Analysis Confined to production and transformation of information after policy actions Suffers from its nature with passive reporting of information about the consequences of implemented policy 16

Types ………. Integrated Policy Analysis Builds on the strength of both Prospective and Retrospective Policy Analysis Concerns with production and transformation of information of both before and after policy implementation 17

Methodology of Policy Analysis Descriptive Decision Theory Set of logically consistent propositions that describe actions. Its aims understanding a policy problem Narrative Decision Theory Set of logically consistent propositions that provide a basis for improving the consequences of actions. Its aims at solving the policy problem. 18

Policy Analysis Model Institutional Model Public policy determined by political institutions giving policy legitimacy Universally applies (government policy) to all citizen, e.g. legislative, executive and judicial decisions 19

Policy Analysis Model Process Model Identification of a problem and demand for action(s) (by government) (Formation, legitimization, implementation and evaluation) 20

Policy Analysis Model Group Model Establishing and enforcing compromises between various, even conflicting interests in society Elite Model Performance and values of governing elites Top down model ( “I know what is better for you” approach) 21

Policy Analysis Model Rational Model Establishing and enforcing to make logically sound decisions Herbert Simon’s finding appropriate from among possible options to achieve goal 22

Policy Analysis Model Game Model Rational decisions in situation where two or more participant have choices to make Abstract and logical Define on how should go about making decisions 23

Implementation of Policy Analysis Model Creates order and simplify reality Identifies what is significant Can be congruent with reality Can provide meaningful communication Direct enquiry and research Supports explanations 24

Challenges of Public Policy Show up in ways difficult to address Inherently multi dimensional overlap and contradict (Infrastructure projects vs DoF) Ill defined so wicked problems Illusory consensus over social goals Different often conflicting preference, values Incomplete and nonsystematic policy definition 25

Thank You