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balcony a platform enclosed by a wall outside the building, with access from an upper-floor window or door.

canopy Canopy (building) A canopy is an overhead roof or else a structure over which a fabric or metal covering is attached, able to provide shade or shelter from weather conditions such as sun, snow and rain. A canopy can also be a tent, generally without a floor.

shores or props used to support or hold up something weak or unstable. shoring shores or props used to support or hold up something weak or unstable.

Shoring Materials Timber - most commonly used material for shoring members and the system due to its construction (and dismantling) speed and cheap labour cost   Steel - stanchions and needles for dead shoring

shoring BASIC DEFINITION shoring is normally the temporary support of structures during construction, demolition, reconstruction, etc. in order to provide the stability that will protect property as well as workers and the public.

These support walls laterally These support walls laterally. They can be used under the following circumstances: When walls bulge out When walls crack due to unequal settlement of foundation and repairs are to be carried out to the cracked wall. When an adjacent structure needs pulling down. When openings are to be newly made or enlarged in a wall.

Types of shoring 1.Raking or inclined shores 2. Flying or horizontal shores 3. Dead or vertical shores

Raking or inclined shores

Raking Shores consist of one or more timbers sloping between the face of the structure to be supported and the ground. The most effective support is given if the raker meets the wall at an angle of 60 to 70 degrees. A wall-plate is typically used to increase the area of support. Uses: Projected centre lines of floors and shores meet.

Flying or horizontal shoring

Dead or vertical shoring

underpinning

Underpinning is a method used to increase foundation depth or repairing faulty foundations.

Precautionary measures Before implementing appropriate underpinning measures the following important points should be carefully attended: 1.The existing structure should be fully examined carefully and appropriate underpinning method should be adopted. 2. All poor masonry work, such as joints, cracks, plastering should be rectified before. 3.Necessary shoring and struting should be done such that existing structure is safe.

4.Urgent repair like grouting of cracks, insertion of rod between walls , etc. should be carried out before commencing underpinning. 5.Adequate care should be taken to ensure that there should be no movement of structure for which levels should be marked. 6.Underpinning process is not a science but an art should be exercised depending on the situation.

Methods of underpinning Pit method Pile method Chemical method Other method

Pit method

Pile method

Chemical method In this method the foundation soil is consolidated by employing chemicals. Perforated pipes are driven in an inclined direction beneath the foundation . The slopes are provided such that the entire area under the existing footing comes under the area used to be strengthened. After the pipes are installed, solution of sodium silicate in water is injected through the pipes. This is a two-injection method. The pipes are withdrawn and at the time of withdrawal of pipes, calcium or magnesium chloride is injected through pipes. Chemical reaction takes place between these two chemicals and the soil is strengthened by consolidation. This method is suitable for granular soils

4.Other methods are cement grouting, freezing, vibrofloatation, etc.

scaffolding a temporary structure on the outside of a building, made of wooden planks and metal poles, used by workmen while building, repairing, or cleaning the building.

Components of scoffolding

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