Introduction to Operating Systems 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

Learning Outcomes Describe the purpose and functions of operating systems Describe major events in the evolution of operating systems List and compare the common desktop operating systems in use today List the most common Mobile OSs, the devices associated with them, and the features found in most of these devices

An Overview of Microcomputer Operating Systems LO 1.1

Introduction Operating System (OS) A collection of programs Controls interactions with hardware Interpreter between user and hardware

Introduction Application User software Word processor Spreadsheet Database Graphics

About Microcomputers: Hardware Components Central Processing Unit (CPU) Microcomputer Microprocessor Integrated circuit (IC)

About Microcomputers: Hardware Components Input/Output Random Access Memory (RAM) Memory Firmware Motherboard

About Microcomputers: Hardware Components Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System (ROM BIOS) Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Device driver

ROM BIOS Firmware Message

About Microcomputers: Today’s Microcomputers Desktops and Laptops Mobile Devices System on a Chip (SoC) Embedded OS Smartphones and Tablets

About Microcomputers: Today’s Microcomputers Servers and Clients For Each Service Email File Printer Messaging

About Microcomputers: Today’s Microcomputers Internet of Things (IoT) Kitchen Appliances Thermostats Utility Meters Many Other Devices

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems User Interface Command-Line Interface (CLI) Cursor

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Job Management Process Scheduler Print Management

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Task Management Multitasking Processes

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems File Management File System Formatting Solid-State Drive Partition Folder or Directory

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Device Management Component-specific Device Drivers Plug and Play (PNP)

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Memory Management Virtual Memory Operating System Memory Limits 32-Bit versus 64-Bit

Table 1-1 Windows Memory Limits Edition 32-Bit Version RAM Limit 64-Bit Version RAM Limit Windows 7 Home Premium 4 GB 16 GB Windows 7 Ultimate/Enterprise/Professional 192 GB Windows 8.x and Windows 10 Home 128 GB Windows 8.x Pro/Enterprise 512 GB Windows 10/Pro/Enterprise/Education 2 TB

Windows 10 System Type

Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Security Password-protected Authentication User Account

Yesterday’s Operating Systems LO 1.2

UNIX—The Operating System for All Platforms Bell Labs 1975: UNIX version 6 Portable Operating System Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris AIX, OpenServer, HP/UX

UNIX—The Operating System for All Platforms UNIX on Internet Servers Various User Interfaces Bourne Shell, C Shell, or others GNOME or KDE GUI

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Small Steps Computers became multipurpose devices Early OSs managed storage for mainframes Programmers wrote system code into applications 1960s: Disk systems on large computer

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Small Steps: 1970s MITS Altair 8800 Home Brew Computer Club

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Software Versions Version: a unique level of an OS Version numbers: 1.0, 1.2, etc.

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems The Killer App for the Apple II VisiCalc: electronic spreadsheet

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems The IBM PC Operating System Microsoft BASIC interpreter in ROM IBM needed an OS Microsoft Provided first version of IBM PC DOS IBM PC Introduced in 1981

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems The Killer App for PCs 1983: Lotus 1-2-3 for PC DOS Spreadsheet, Database, Graphics IBM PCs sold with PC DOS and Lotus 1-2-3

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Apple OS 1976: Jobs and Wozniak found Apple Computer Company Introduced Apple II at the West Coast Computer Faire 1984: Apple Macintosh computer with Mac OS

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Apple OS 1999: Mac OS 9 last version 2001: Mac OS replaced by OS X

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems MS-DOS (1981-1990s) Microsoft Disk Operating System For non-IBM PC computers Single-tasking OS Limited memory support No built-in security function

MS-DOS Command-Line User Interface

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems OS/2 by Microsoft and IBM 1987: Version 1.0 Created for Intel 80286 processor Required 2 MB memory Required 8 MB disk space CLI (no GUI) Did not support most DOS apps

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems OS/2 by IBM 1990s: OS/2 Warp GUI For high-end servers 2005: IBM ends sales and support

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Windows Versions 1980s: Windows 1, Windows 2 1990s: Windows 3, 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98 2000s: Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Windows Editions offer different products Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 8.1 Pro Windows 8.1 Enterprise

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Windows 1 through 3 1985: Windows 1 1990: Windows 3.0 1992: Windows 3.1

Windows 3.1

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 1992: Windows for Workgroups 3.1with network support 1993: Windows NT 3.1Server OS Included New Technology File System (NTFS) Stable and secure OS 1994: Windows NT 3.5 with separate editions

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 1995: Windows 95 Back to Windows 3.x program code Separate code from Windows NT Not secure

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 1996: Windows NT 4.0 1998: Windows 98 upgrade of Windows 95

Windows 98

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 2000: Windows Me (Millennium Edition) Last of the Windows-on-DOS For home PCs Not adopted by organizations No local security

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 2000: Windows 2000 Multiple editions for servers Desktop edition: Windows 2000 Professional

Windows 2000

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 2001: Windows XP for consumer PCs Multiple editions: Home, Professional, and Media Center All 32-bit Windows XP 64-bit edition for Itanium CPUs Microsoft support ended April 2014

Windows XP

The Windows XP Start Menu

The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 2007: Windows Vista New Aero GUI features Not widely adopted Microsoft support ended April 2012

Windows Vista

Today’s Desktop Operating Systems LO 1.3

Table 1-2 Summary of Current Desktop/Laptop Operating Systems Desktop/Lap OS Company Platform Applications Supported Windows 7 Microsoft Intel/Microsoft DOS, 16-bit Windows, 32-bit Windows, 64-bit Windows applications Windows 8 and Windows 10 DOS, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit Windows applications for the Desktop and for Windows 8 Modern GUI OS X Apple Intel/Apple Mac Mac applications Linux Various UNIX/Linux applications

Today’s Windows for the Desktop October 2009 Faster than Windows Vista Improvements to Desktop

Windows 7

Today’s Windows for the Desktop Windows 8 and 8.1 October 2012 Faster, better security, improved wireless Improved touch screen support Two GUIs Start Screen Desktop

Windows 8/8.1 Start Screen

Windows 8/8.1 Desktop

Today’s Windows for the Desktop Summer 2015 New Start menu Windows Hello Microsoft Edge browser Universal Apps Multiple Desktops

Windows 8/8.1 Desktop

Apple OS X Based on NextStep UNIX GUI and CLI 2001: OS X 10.0 and 10.1 Upgraded every year or two

Apple OS X Desktop

Linux 1991: Linus Benedict Torvalds original developer Used the C programming language Used free GNU project C compiler Available in many distributions Native CLI GUIs available

Linux CLI

Today’s Mobile Operating Systems LO 1.4

Table 1-3 Summary of Mobile Current OSs and Related Devices Mobile OS Source of OS Smartphones/Tablets Sources of Apps Apple iOS Apple Apple iPhone and iPad Apple Apps Store Android Google Smartphones and tablets from various manufacturers Apps from Google Play and many other sources Windows Phone 8 and Windows 10 Mobile Microsoft Smartphones from various manufacturers Microsoft App Store Windows 8 and Windows 10 Tablets from several sources Apps from the Windows App store—and many other sources for Desktop apps

Mobile Devices Hardware Features Various wireless network adapters High-quality color touch screen Front and back digital cameras Speaker or speaker port Rechargeable batteries Accelerometer Solid-state drivers (SSDs)

Connectivity Smartphones and Tablets Cellular standard on smartphones Cellular optional on tablets Wi-Fi Bluetooth

Mobile Operating System Features Support for touch screen and virtual keyboards Screen Rotation Updateable Availability of Apps Security Data Synchronization

Virtual Keyboard

Portrait Orientation

Landscape Orientation

The Apple Store