Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Liquids and Solids Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.1: Representations of the gas, liquid, and solid states. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.2: Intermolecular forces exist between molecules. Bonds exist within molecules. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.3: (a) Interaction of two polar molecules. (b) Interaction of many dipoles in a liquid. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.4: Polar water molecules. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.4: Hydrogen bonding among water molecules. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.5: The boiling points of covalent hydrides. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.6: Atoms with spherical electron probability. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14.6: The atom on the left develops an instantaneous dipole. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.6: Instantaneous dipole on A induces a dipole on B. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.8: Both liquid water and gaseous water contain H2O molecules. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.9: Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.10: Behavior of a liquid in a closed container. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.11: (a) Measuring vapor of a liquid by using a simple barometer. (b) The water vapor pushed the mercury level down. (c) Diethyl ether shows a higher vapor pressure than water. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.12: Water rapidly boiling on a stove. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.13: Bubble expands as H2O molecules enter. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.14: The formation of the bubble is opposed by atmospheric pressure. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.15: Sodium and chloride ions. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.17: The classes of crystalline solids. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of diamond. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of sodium chloride. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.18: A molecular solid. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.19: The packing of Cl¯ and Na+ ions in solid sodium chloride. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Figure 14.21: A representation of part of the structure of solid phosphorus. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of brass. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of steel. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.