Social Relations Stereotype Prejudice Discrimination People tend to not know the differences between these three terms, and/or use them interchangeably How are they different? Can anyone summarize them? Do these pictures help?

Social Relations Stereotype: a belief that all members of a group share a common characteristic Think of the term as “SET TYPE” Stereotypes can be either positive or negative, but they usually have negative connotations “Asians are smart” would be an example of a rare positive stereotype What are some examples of common stereotypes you hear? Coaches like to yell White people can’t dance Cops like donuts Muslims are terrorists

American prejudice toward women and minorities has waned over time Social Relations Prejudice: preconceived judgments (usually negative and/or unjustifiable) toward a group and its members, often based on stereotypes Think of the term as “PRE JUDGE” Can be either explicit or implicit Explicit Prejudice: conscious and overt Often applies to political beliefs Implicit Prejudice: unaware and subtle Doll Experiment Implicit Prejudice Through Pictures Harvard Implicit Racism Test When shown an ambiguous picture of a white man and black man shoving each other, the majority of white participants view the black man as the aggressor American prejudice toward women and minorities has waned over time 43% of Americans admit to feeling prejudice toward Muslims (compared to only 15% for Jews and 14% for Buddhists)

Social Relations Discrimination: preferential or disadvantageous behavior toward an individual or group, often based on prejudice/stereotype(s) Think of the term as “discriminACTION" More commonly negative than positive To summarize… Stereotypes are generalized beliefs Prejudice is an attitude Discrimination is a behavior In a New Jersey turnpike study, blacks were 13.5% of car occupants, 15% of speeders, and 35% of the drivers pulled over In some eastern and western African countries, over 80% of girls are forced to undergo female circumcision.

Social Relations Are the following examples of stereotype, prejudice, or discrimination? Hayley only flirts with the cute boys in class Mike thinks, “all blonde girls are pretty dumb” Pierre doesn’t like old teachers Pierre drops classes with any old teachers David thinks, “all black kids are good basketball” Troy bullies the small kids in class Daryl is racist, but doesn’t act on his beliefs Gretta the cat hides when strangers enter the condo Suzanna believes all boys are jerks Stereotype Prejudice Discrimination

Related Research Ethnocentrism: judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture Tendency to view your “reality” as what should be normal for all If you think these ideas are weird, you’re being ethnocentric: Eating dog for dinner (China) Free access to health care (U.K.) Not eating with your left hand (India) Leads to ingroup bias: favoring one’s own group over outsiders

Related Research Scapegoat Theory: prejudice provides an outlet for anger when ingroup members blame a specific target for their problems Historical example: Nazi Germany blaming Jews for country’s issues Present American examples: Older generation blaming younger generation for downfall of the country Lashing out at Muslims following 9/11 Teachers blaming students for school’s low test scores

Related Research Just-World Phenomenon: the cognitive bias that the world is just and people get what they deserve Basically means that you are completely responsible for your life Poor = lazy; rich = hard-working Can lead to “blaming the victim” For example, if a woman is sexually assaulted after wearing a short skirt: “She should have known better.” “What did she expect to happen?” “What terrible criminals these men must have been to receive such treatment.” – a visitor to a concentration camp after WW2

Related Research Other-Race Effect: the tendency to more easily recognize members of one’s own race Generally more applicable to facial analysis When we see a face of our own race, we analyze the entire face (known as holistic processing), but when we see a face of a different race, we analyze the individual features (known as featural processing) Based on a study where witnesses identified 65% of defendants of their own race but only 45% of defendants who were a different race