Purse seine tuna fisheries in the South Pacific: Mapping the distribution of their benefits around the globe Evangelia Drakou1, John Virdin2 & Linwood Pendleton1 1Institute of the Law and Economics of the Sea, University of Brest, France 2 Nicholas Institute, Duke University, USA Good afternoon everyone, thanks for being here. My name is VD, I am an interdisciplinary researcher here in Brest and I will present you the work that we have been doing together with John Virdin from the Duke Uni and Linwood Pendelton on the …

“To develop detailed and spatially explicit accounting of the value of marine ecosystem services” The work I am presenting here today, is part of the MOW project that was supported by TNC, in order to… It involved a broad list of partners around the globe with lots of expertise on different domain related to the Ocean Wealth Our group’s worked focused on mapping and assessing different ES generated by our oceans, linked to tourism, carbon sequestration and climate regulation and fisheries, which is what I will present you here. http://oceanwealth.org/

Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries in the WCPO Region West and Central Pacific Ocean Region 2.02 * 106 metric tons (2013) 79% skipjack 18% yellowfin 3% bigeye Japan Chinese Taipei Korea USA Pacific Islands One of the cases to which we applied that, was linked to the WCPO region and the services linked to the purse seine tuna fisheries there. The purse seine fishery produced an estimated 2.02 million metric tons in 2013 (79% of which was skipjack, 18% yellowfin and 3% bigeye), caught almost entirely in the tropical waters of the equatorial band, with the highest catches in the zone between 5 degrees N and 10 degrees S (Terawasi and Williams, 2015). Within this band, a number of roving fleets follow the tuna stocks as they migrate through national waters and the high seas, including four main distant water fleets from Chinese Taipei, Japan, Korea and the United States, as well as a growing Pacific Islands fleet and (largely) domestic fleets operating in Indonesia and the Philippines (Terawasi and Williams, 2015). Distribution of Purse Seine Tuna Catch (2011 – 2013). Source: WCPFC, 2014 Indonesia Philippines

The West and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) region Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries Has been supporting the economy and the livelihoods of the WCPO region since 1950s. The West and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) region Amount of tuna being caught increases exponentially per year 0.5% of the value chain attributes benefits to the local WCPO communities Benefits to Pacific Island Countries ~$500Million (2013) Unequal benefit distribution among fishers/ processors, but still accounts for e.g. ~36% of GDP in Tuvalu, 32% in Kiribati The World Bank 2016. Tuna Fisheries. Pacific Possible

Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries Has been providing food, supporting jobs and livelihoods to people around the globe. ~60% of world’s tuna supply Only 10% is processed regionally In total the 0.5% of the value chain gives benefits to the local communities in terms of jobs, while 10% only is processed locally, with Bangkok being the major tuna canner (besides PCI’s trade preference within EU).

Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries in the WCPO Region Within the tuna fisheries supply chain from the WCPO region to the global markets, a range of direct and indirect beneficiaries of different types occurs. So why purse seine tuna fisheries in the WCPO region?

Aim To assess & quantify the spatial extent and distribution of benefits generated by the purse seine tuna fisheries of the WCPO region.  To understand the distribution of direct and indirect beneficiaries at a global scale, and benefit sharing rights among them.

Ecosystem Services Well being Ecosystem Services Mapping An integrated SES approach Ecosystem Services Well being Ecosystem Services Mapping To do this we used an integrated approach that combined the ES well being framework to which we then added a spatial dimension in order to represent geographically the magnitude of this benefit flow.

Ecosystem Services – Well-being framework Global Fish consumers Value to nutrition: number of fish meals provided Occupation Social relations Money to buy fish Nutritional well-being Social desirability of fish as food Local Fish consumers Volume, Species, Fish landings Ecosystem Harvest Jobs supported in the point of harvest The ES well being framework is following the logic of a typical value chain, but gives emphasis to the social aspects of well being in it. The one we show here is a simplified version, which starts from the ecosystem, it considers the different ecosystem elements, ecosystem functions happening there and then due to human intervention, assumes that some goods are generated, which in our case, have a value, both nutritional and in terms of income. This value undergoes social transformations, and under specific socio-economic conditions contributes to the human well being. Market structure and fish price Catch/revenue sharing arrangements Use rights, Capital Value to income: Market value of fish sales & supporting industry Financial well-being Jobs supported in the processing point Trans-shipment Adapted from Daw T et al 2016 Ecology and Society 21(2):11

WCPO Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries Ecosystem What? How much? Where? Who? In our WCPO purse seine tuna fisheries, the region is our initial ecosystem, some of the fish is being caught locally (30%) and then the rest is being caught by foreign purse seine fleet, which then undergoes loining and canning processes in Bangok and PNG and then it’s been shipped for consumption in Europe and North America. Canned tuna was developed in the 50s as a low protein alternative to salmon and is now a global commodity (high volume, low price, low profit margins).

WCPO Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries Harvest points (EEZ) in 2013 Harvest waters Estimated purse seine catch (metric tons) % of the total catch Federal States of Micronesia 167,941 8.9 Kiribati 279,902 14.8 Nauru 83,970 4.4 Palau 6,998 0.4 Papua New Guinea 664,766 35.1 Rep of Marshall Islands 27,301 1.8 Solomon Islands 139,951 7.4 Tokelau Tuvalu 69,975 3.7 International waters 86,309 4.6 Indonesia 186,349 9.8 Philippines 166,734 8.8 TOTAL 1,894,880 100 Source: Drakou et al, in prep; estimated from SPC; FFA (2014) and WCPFC Data Catalogue

WCPO Purse Seine Tuna Fisheries Fishing fleet origin & total catch (2013) Fleet origin 2013 Catch (metric tons) % of the total catch China 81 828 4 Chinese Taipei 212 480 11 Ecuador 21 442 1 El Salvador 13 273 Indonesia 215 582 12 Japan 206 999 Korea 225 632 New Zealand 24 230 Philippines 148 552 (63 719 domestic) 8 Pacific Islands 425 143 23 Spain 45 010 2 USA 254 342 13 Vietnam 22 484 FSM 24 182 Kiribati 72 241 RMI 77 634 PNG 192 967 Solomon Islands 24 769 Tuvalu 10 866 Vanuatu 22 484

Catch distribution (2013) Total catch per fleet origin (2013)

Loining, Canning & Final Retail Markets 15% 29% 5% 12% 33% 6%

Not a matter of regional concern!! Spatial extent of the WCPO beneficiaries 20 countries 5 continents Not a matter of regional concern!! This is a first attempt to estimate the flow of benefits across around 20 countries and 5 continents

Major seafood companies & countries they impact Source: Österblom et al. 2015 Transnational Corporations as ‘Keystone Actors’ in Marine Ecosystems (PlosOne) Major seafood companies & countries they impact Such a global level analysis is not relevant to tuna, but to other species due to the fact that seafood companies are now expanding globally affecting the well-being and economies of many countries around the globe. Therefore a geospatial approach could be a good one.

Do we know enough? Volume, Species, Fish landings Ecosystem Global Fish consumers Trans-shipment Global Fish consumers Value to nutrition: number of fish meals provided Occupation Social relations Money to buy fish Nutritional well-being Social desirability of fish as food Local Fish consumers Local Fish consumers Volume, Species, Fish landings Last consumption pattern data we spotted, in 2008 Ecosystem Harvest Jobs supported in the point of harvest Market structure and fish price Catch/revenue sharing arrangements Use rights, Capital Value to income: Market value of fish sales & supporting industry Financial well-being Financial well-being Jobs supported in the processing point Trans-shipment Trimarine, Itochu, FCF Fishery co. Ltd

Do we know enough? Lack of data on intermediate steps between point of harvest to market “Patchy” time-series data (--> interpolation --> uncertainty) Acquire social data on the distribution of final benefits Move beyond traditional mapping to more innovative visualization approaches

Equity & Benefit sharing Future directions This attempt to map (spatially and conceptually) the benefits generated from one region but circulated globally could guide research towards more global oriented rather than ecosystem-based approaches, while raising awareness about seafood consumption and its global impact. Equity & Benefit sharing

Thank You evangelia.drakou@univ-brest.fr