Unit 3: Exploration & Colonization of Georgia Georgia Performance Standards: SS8H1b: Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American culture; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto.

Warm-up for September 12, 2011 In your composition book, respond to the following Writing Prompt: Do you remember a time when you were in a new environment? How did you feel? What type of concerns or questions did you have about this new environment?

Unit 3 Vocabulary Terms 1. Renaissance: The European civilization from 1300s-1600s characterized by an increased interest in art and learning. 2. Charter: A written contract issued by a government that grants special rights and privileges. 3. Colony: A group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation. 4. Conquistador: A Spanish explorer and conqueror who sought to destroy and take over existing cultures in the Americas in the 1500s. 5. Indentured Servant: A person who sold his or her labor to a person in return for passage to the New World.

Unit 3 Vocabulary Terms 6. Malcontent: Not satisfied or content with current conditions or circumstances. 7. Mercantilism: An economic theory in which government controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth from colonies to the parent country. 8. Mission: A group of people sent to a foreign country to conduct negotiations, establish relationships, provide scientific and technical assistance. 9. Monopoly: A company that eliminates it competition and controls an industry. 10. Trustee: A person who is appointed to take care of business or property for the benefit of someone else.

Exploration The Renaissance (time of rebirth in Europe) brought about changes in learning, religion, and trade. Business owners wanted to make bigger profits. Customers wanted exotic spices and fabrics from Asia. Therefore, a shortcut was needed to get merchandise from Asia to Europe (Supply & Demand).

European Explorers Spices were in great demand by Europeans because: Before refrigeration, meat and fish spoiled too quickly. People used spices such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves to help preserve food and to help improve its flavor.

Exploration God: To spread Christianity to more people. The 3 main reasons that kings and queens financed expeditions to the New World: God: To spread Christianity to more people. Gold: To find riches (Gold, silver, precious stones, & exotic trinkets). Glory: To become historically famous and to add more territory to their kingdom.

European Exploration European kings and queens, monarchs, were Christians. They sent missionaries and religious officials to help convert conquered people to Christianity. They wanted to make Christianity the most powerful religion in the world.

European Explorers Portuguese explorers continued to travel farther down the coast of Africa. 1488-Bartolomeu Dias traveled around the southern tip of Africa. The Portuguese named the tip the Cape of Good Hope. 1497-Vasco da Gama and his sailors were the 1st Europeans to discover a sea route to Asia. Portugal became the leader of exploration.

European Exploration Spain and England wanted to compete to discover new sea routes, too! Rule #1-If you controlled the seas, then you controlled trade with Asia= Power & Wealth

Political Cartoon

Conquistadors Spanish explorers were known for being conquerors. They sought to destroy and take over native cultures. As they explored the Americas, they used guns and swords to defeat Native Americans.

European Exploration Without knowing it, the explorers carried diseases with them (smallpox, malaria, and measles). These diseases killed many of the natives in the Americas.

3-2-1 Response What were the 3 main reasons for exploration to the New World (3Gs)? What were 2 ways that the Renaissance encouraged European exploration? What was 1 way that European diseases impacted the Native Americans?

Spanish Explorers Chart, pp. 40-44 Name of Explorer Area Explored End Results Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Juan Ponce de León Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón Hernando De Soto Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

European Exploration August 1492-Italian Christopher Columbus and his convoy of ships (Santa Maria, Pinta, & Niña) left Spain to find spices and gold for King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella. October 12, 1492- He found islands which he thought were part of the Caribbean (A.K.A. West Indies).  He brought back Native Americans (mistakenly calling them “Indians”).  He did not find much gold. The King and Queen of Spain named him, Admiral of the Ocean Sea.

Spanish Explorers Due to Christopher Columbus’s success in the New World, Spain began to finance more voyages to the Americas. Spain began to claim more territory and riches than England and France. Juan Ponce de León was determined to find the “Fountain of Youth” in Florida (claimed for Spain). Ponce de León discovered a powerful ocean current called the Gulf Stream. This current flows from the Gulf of Mexico north along the eastern coast before turning east toward Europe…This helped explorers get back home to Europe quicker!

Spanish Explorers 1540-Hernando De Soto and his army were the 1st Europeans to enter what is now known as Georgia. They were also the 1st Europeans to cross the Appalachian Mountains. De Soto and his men were searching for cities of gold. They brutally killed many Native Americans. Four years later, De Soto died after sustaining injuries during battle and his men never found cities of gold.

Spanish Missions in Georgia Spain built missions, churches, with small communities around them. They were built along the Atlantic coast in an attempt to bring Christianity to the Indians. Also, the missions helped to keep French explorers and army off the coast. Guale (mission) covered the Outer Coastal Plain and barrier islands of Georgia. 1566-Pedro Menéndez de Avilés started a mission on St. Catherine’s Island. Spain controlled the coast and southern part of Georgia for 100+ years with missions and military posts. By 1700, Spain controlled much of the Americas (South America, Central America, and Mexico)

Comprehension Check Questions What are the 3 Gs of Exploration and what is the purpose for each “G”? (2) What was Hernando De Soto searching for in Georgia, in 1540? (3) De Soto’s army became famous for being the 1st Europeans to cross the _____________ in North America. (4) What were the two purposes of Spanish missions?

French Explorations in North America Georgia Performance Standards: SS8H1c: Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and the British in the southeastern area.

French Exploration in North America They were looking for riches and fame and some were searching for religious freedom. The French treated the Native Americans kindly…They wanted to create communities and live peacefully with the Indians. However, the French wanted to create a colony on the Atlantic coast. From the Atlantic coast, they could attack Spanish ships that were traveling back to Europe with treasure back to Spain.

French Explorers in North America Area Explored End Results Jean Ribault René de Laudonniére

French Explorations in North America The official religion of France was Catholicism, but the Huguenots wanted religious freedom. In 1562, Jean Ribault brought French Protestants called Huguenots to settle in present day South Carolina and created Fort Charlesfort. The French Huguenots and the Spanish Roman Catholics constantly fought in South Carolina. Three years later, the Huguenots back to France.

French Exploration in North America In 1564, René de Laudonniére took more Huguenots back to North America. They settled in Florida (present day Jacksonville) and created Fort Caroline. The Huguenots ran out of supplies and Jean Ribault was sent to Florida to bring more supplies and soldiers. The Huguenots and the Spanish settlers of St. Augustine fought each other over territory. Spanish conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and his men fought/conquered Ribault and the Huguenots.

French Claims in North America By the 1600s, French explorers had claimed: A. Ohio River Valley B. Mississippi River Valley C. the entire Great Lakes region By 1760, the French colony of New France had 80,000 people Also, the French controlled most of the land in the interior of North America.

Map of New France in 1750

English Explorations in North America Georgia Performance Standards: SS8H1c: Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and the British in the southeastern area.

Reasons for European Exploration: British (Great Britain) Great Britain (England) began sending explorers to the New World in the 1580’s in search of exotic foods, wealth (gold), and mercantilism. Mercantilism – Economic system based on the belief that a country could increase its wealth by exporting more than they import. The British wanted to create colonies that would help produce raw materials that could be imported into Great Britain. Cotton Tobacco Forest products British companies would then refine these products and sell the finished product back to the colonies at a higher rate.

Colonial Georgia SS8H2: The student will analyze the colonial period of Georgia’s history. Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the Charter of 1732, reasons for settlement (charity, economics, and defense), Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and the city of Savannah. Evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia’s colonial history, emphasizing the role of the Salzburgers, Highland Scots, malcontents, and the Spanish threat from Florida.

James Oglethorpe At age 25, James Oglethorpe was elected to Parliament and learned about numerous problems facing his country. One of Oglethorpe’s friends, Robert Castell, was put in prison for being a debtor (a person who owes someone money that they can not pay back). Castell later died in prison. Oglethorpe and 20 other influential men in Great Britain made a plan to create a colony for the working poor (debtors). They envisioned a colony for people who faced jail time for bad debts.

Charter of 1732 In 1732, King George II created a charter allowing 21 Trustees, including Oglethorpe, to create a Georgia colony and oversee it for 21 years. It included the land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers and extended west to the Pacific Ocean. According to the charter, Georgia had 3 purposes: Charity: The working poor would be able to work in Georgia to help pay off their debts while contributing to England’s economy. Economics: Georgia would help to increase England’s trade and wealth (mercantilism). Oglethorpe promised that silk, dyes, wine, spices, and semi-tropical fruit would be sent from Georgia back to England. Defense: Georgia would serve as a military buffer between the British colony of South Carolina and Spanish controlled Florida.

Charter of 1732 The following was not allowed in colonial Georgia: Catholics Slavery Liquor Lawyers Gambling

The First GA Colonists and the City of Savannah Few debtors, former prisoners, or working poor ever made it to Georgia during its early settlement. Georgia’s first settlers were given land, tools, and food. They promised to defend the colony from invaders and to grow Mulberry trees that would attract silk worms. 115 settlers sailed fr0m England on the ship Ann in 1732. Oglethorpe befriended Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw Indians. Tomochichi led the settlers to Yamacraw Bluff overlooking the Savannah River. This became the city of Savannah, the first settlement of the new Georgia colony.

Tomochichi and Mary Musgrove Oglethorpe befriended Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw Indians. The Yamacraw Indians were struggling to survive and had became dependent on European goods. Tomochichi believed that befriending Oglethorpe would benefit his people and form a new trading partnership. Tomochichi led the settlers to Yamacraw Bluff overlooking the Savannah River. This became the first settlement of the new Georgia colony. John and Mary Musgrove had created a trading post near the Yamacraw Bluff where they would trade British goods to the Native Americans. Tomochichi spoke very little English so Mary Musgrove served as the interpreted between James Oglethorpe and Tomochichi.

The Salzburgers Arrive in GA Forty original settlers died in the first year. In 1733, 42 Jews were allowed to settle in Georgia, including a much-needed doctor. The Salzburgers – In 1733, a group of German protestants from Salzburg arrived, and settled a town called Ebenezer, about 25 miles from Savannah. Three years later they moved to Red Bluff and settled New Ebenezer. Oglethorpe and Chief Tomochichi returned from a trip to England in 1736 with 300 more settlers, including German protestants from Salzburg and Saxony. Religious leaders John and Charles Wesley also arrived in Georgia.

The Highland Scots and the Malcontents The Highland Scots (from Scotland) arrived and settled in Darien, GA in 1735. A group of malcontents (mainly from Scottish descent) became unhappy with the Trustees. Malcontents wanted to purchase additional land and enslave people to help them achieve greater wealth. The Trustees helped many of the colonists, but did not help the malcontents as they were wealthy enough to pay for their own voyage to Georgia.

Spanish Threat from Florida Florida was colonized by Spain. The Spanish were interested in the land north of their colony that later became Georgia. The British built Fort Frederica in Georgia in an effort to protect the colony. Georgian soldiers led an attack on St. Augustine, Florida in 1740, and two years later the Spanish attacked Fort Frederica. The Battle of Bloody Marsh was the main battle between British Georgia and Spanish Florida. James Oglethorpe led the Georgia soldiers to victory (though he did not capture St. Augustine) and Spain never again attacked a British colony on the eastern coast.

End of the Trustee Period In 1743, Oglethorpe was called to Great Britain to answer charges that he had not acted correctly when he failed to capture St. Augustine. Oglethorpe was cleared of the charges but he did not return to Georgia. Georgia still had many problems. People were also allowed to begin buying and selling rum (alcohol) in 1742. People still wanted to own more land and slaves. By 1750 laws against land ownership (each person could only own 500 acres of land) and slavery were repealed. People were now able to own as much land and as many slaves as they could afford. In 1752, one year before the end of the Charter of 1732, the trustees returned Georgia to the authority of King George II and Georgia enters the Royal Period.