ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION Dr. Péter Csathó

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION  1. History of agriculture and soil fertility 2. Basic principles and methods of soil tests (30 slides) 3. Principles and methods of plant analysis 4. Types of Plant Nutrition Experiments 5. Principles and method of nutrient balance 6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspects of soil pH and lime status 7. Assessing of organic farming from the aspect of sustainable plant nutrition 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition 9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition 10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-term field NPK fertilization experiments 11. The structure of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system 12. Comparative evaluation of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system, and its application in case of some farms

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS 10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-term field NPK fertilization experiments ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS

Fertilizer consumption in Hungary, 1901-2010 (According to CSO data)

The annual agronomic NPK balance of rural areas in Hungary, 1901-2010.

Cumulated agronomic NPK balance of rural areas in Hungary, 1901-2010.

Changes in the soil AL-P2O5 content in a P aftereffect experiment Changes in the soil AL-P2O5 content in a P aftereffect experiment. Calcareous Chernozem, 1972-1990 (Csathó and Kadar 2002)

„Fresh" P and K equivalents of phosphorus and potassium aftereffects Calcareous Chernozem, 1972-2004 (Csathó, 2005)

Number of soil tests in Hungary, 1981-2010

Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Chernozem, Nagyhörcsök. (Csathó 1985) Correlations between soil AL-P2O5 content and the winter wheat grain yield on a loam soil with 5% CaCO3 content. Chernozem, Nagyhörcsök. (Csathó 1985) 11. The structure of the environment-friendly plant advisory system

Nitrogen-response experiments

Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 63; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 63 c: = 0.2913; r = 0.61 a = 0.30; b = 0.33; r = 0.50 Relationship between the humus content of the N-control (PK) parcels and the relative yield and yield surplus of winter wheat . national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 68; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 68 c: = 0.3195; r = 0.59 a = 0.25; b = 0.20; r = 0.55 Relationship between the humus content of the N-control (PK) parcels and the relative yield and yield surplus of maize. national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 24; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 24 c: = 0.8191; r = 00:33 a = 0:01; b = 2.47; r = 12:00 Relationship between the humus content of the N-control (PK) parcels and the relative yield and yield surplus of alfalfa . national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of N in field wheat experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of N in field maize experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of N in field alfalfa experiments

New N supply categories for N-consuming plants (Not legumes) on the basis of soil organic matter content (Csathó, 2003). The data are based on the realtionships of the HungarianN-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2003) N – supply categories (humus %) texture v. weak weak meadium good v. good excess sand ≤ 0,60 0,61-1,20 ≥ 1,21 - - - sandy loam ≤ 1,40 1,41-2,00 2,01-2,60 ≥ 2,61 - - loam ≤ 1,80 1,81-2,40 2,41-3,20 3,21-3,80 ≥ 3,81 - clay loam ≤ 2,00 2,01-2,60 2,61-3,40 3,41-4,00 4,01-4,60 ≥4,61 clay ≤ 2,20 2,21-2,80 2,81-3,60 3,61-4,20 4,21-4,80 ≥4,81 19

New N supply categories for less N-consuming plants ( legumes) on the basis of soil organic matter content (Csathó, 2003). The data are based on the realtionships of the HungarianN-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2003) N – supply categories (humus %) texture v. weak weak medium good v. good excess sand ≤ 0,40 0,41-0,60 0,61-1,20 ≥ 1,21 - - s. loam ≤ 1,00 1,01-1,40 1,41-2,00 2,01-2,60 ≥ 2,61 - loam ≤ 1,40 1,41-1,80 1,81-2,40 2,41-2,20 3,21-3,80 ≥ 3,81 clay loam ≤ 1,60 1,61-2,00 2,01-2,60 2,61-3,40 3,41-4,00 ≥ 4,01 clay ≤ 1,80 1,81-2,20 2,21-2,80 2,81-3,60 3,61-4,20 ≥ 4,21 20

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of N in field winter wheat experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of N in field maize experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of N in field alfalfa experiments

Distribution of Hungarian soils based on their organic matter / humus content (Chickenpox et al. 1987)

The texture of Hungarian soils

Phosphorus-response experiments

Acidic soils: empty symbols; calcareous soils: full marks Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 145; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 145 c: = 0.0087; r = 0.64 a = 0.010; b = 00:33; r = 0.60 Acidic soils: empty symbols; calcareous soils: full marks Relationship between the AL-P2O5 content of the P-control (NK) parcels and the relative yield and yield surplus of winter wheat . national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Acidic soils: empty symbols; calcareous soils: full marks Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 83; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 83 c: = 0.0216; r = 0.67 a = 0.040; b = -0.19; r = 0.68 Acidic soils: empty symbols; calcareous soils: full marks Relationship between the AL-P2O5 content of the P-control (NK) parcels and the relative yield and yield surplus of maize . national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of P in field winter wheat experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of P in field maize experiments

Medium P supply categories for P-consuming plants on the basis of soil AL-P2O5 content (Csathó, 2003). The data are based on the relationships of the Hungarian P-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2003) pH(KCl) CaCO3% Medium P - supply (AL-P2O5 mg/kg) sand s. loam loam l. clay clay   3,5-5,5 0 79-116 74-108 68-100 63-93 59-86 5,6-6,5 0 81-119 75-111 70-103 65-95 61-89 0,1-1 103-145 92-127 86-119 81-111 76-105 1,1-5 128-172 119-161 111-150 104-140 97-131 5,1-10 146-198 137-185 128-172 119-160 111-150 10,1-20 168-227 157-212 146-198 137-184 128-172 20,1- 176-238 165-223 154-207 143-194 134-181 31

Medium P supply categories for less P-consuming plants on the basis of soil AL-P2O5 content (Csathó, 2003). The data are based on the relationships of the Hungarian P-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2003) pH(KCl) CaCO3% Medium P – supply (AL-P2O5 mg/kg) sand s.loam loam l. clay clay   3,5-5,5 0 39-78 36-73 34-67 31-62 29-58 5,6-6,5 0 40-80 37-74 35-69 32-64 30-60 0,1-1 59-102 55-91 51-85 48-80 45-75 1,1-5 81-127 76-118 71-110 66-103 62-96 5,1-10 93-145 87-136 81-127 76-118 71-110 10,1-20 106-167 99-156 93-145 87-136 81-127 20,1- 112-175 104-164 97-153 91-142 85-133 32

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of P in field winter wheat experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of P in field maize experiments

The distribution of Hungarian soils based on their AL-P2O5 content in mg / kg (Chickenpox et al. 1987)

Soil pH

Potassium response experiments

Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 59; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 59 c: = 0.0153; r = 0.67 a = 0.04; b = -0.29; r = 0.72 Relationship between the AL-K2O content of the K-control (NP) plots and the relative yield and yield surplus of winter wheat . national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Y '= 100 (1-10-CX); n = 86; Y '= 1 / (ax + b); n = 86 c: = 0.0083; r = 0.77 a = 0.01; b = -0.02; r = 0.70 Relationship between the AL-K2O content of the K-control (NP) plots and the relative yield and yield surplus of maize . national database of the field trials, 1960-2000 (Csathó, 2003) 10 Fundamentals of environmentally friendly crop nutrition advisory system: Evaluation of the Hungarian field NPK fertilizer database of long-term experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2005) Effect of K in field winter wheat experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2005) Effect of K in field maize experiments

New K supply categories for K-consuming plants on the basis of the soil AL-K2O content .The data are based on the realtionships of the HungarianN-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2005) K – supply categories (AL-K2O mg/kg) texture v. weak weak medium good v. good excess sand ≤ 60 61-90 91-120 121-160 161-200 ≥201 s. Loam ≤100 101-140 141-170 171-220 221-270 ≥271 loam ≤120 121-150 151-180 181-230 231-290 ≥291 c.Loam ≤130 131-160 161-190 191-250 251-310 ≥311 clay ≤140 141-170 171-200 201-260 261-320 ≥321 42

New K supply categories for low K-consuming plants on the basis of the soil AL-K2O content .The data are based on the realtionships of the HungarianN-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2005) K – supply categories (AL-K2O mg/kg) texture very weak weak medium good very good excess sand ≤ 40 41-60 61-90 91-120 121-160 ≥161 s. Loam ≤ 80 81-100 101-140 141-170 171-220 ≥221 loam ≤100 101-120 121-150 151-180 181-230 ≥231 Clay loam ≤110 111-130 131-160 161-190 191-250 ≥251 clay ≤120 121-140 141-170 171-200 201-260 ≥261 43

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2003) Effect of K in field winter wheat experiments

Forecast of crop surplus and shortages (Csathó, 2005) Effect of K in field maize experiments

The distribution of soils in Hungary AL-K2O-based content, mg / kg (chickenpox et al. 1987)

Soil texture

The effect of N, P and K on the relative yield of maize The effect of N, P and K on the relative yield of maize. and winter wheat, Hungarian N, P and K-response experiments database , 1960-2006 MAIZE WINTER WHEAT

The soils K supply categories based on AL-K2O values grouped by texture The data are based on the realtionships of the Hungarian maize K-effect field experiments (Csathó, 2005)

Field crops average N, P, respectively Field crops average N, P, respectively. K-effects of domestic fertilizer field trials. (Csathó, 2003) N-effects P-effects K-effects Plant Relative Yield- Relative Yield - Relatív Yield yield ,% surplus, t/ha yield,% surplus, t/ha yield,% surplus, t/ha (PK/NPK) (NPK-PK) (NK/NPK) (NPK-NK) (NP/NPK) (NPK-NP) Pea (KPN) 84 0.25 85 0.50 70 0.53 Potato (NPK) 75 4.21 85 2.77 89 2.50 Sorghum (PKN) 80 0.35 83 0.58 81 0.48 Sugar beet (NEP) 88 6.16 96 1.77 94 3.20 Hemp (NEP) 82 1.24 94 0.45 90 0.62 Maize (NEP) 77 1.38 95 0.25 90 0.61 Alfalfa (PNK) 95 0.48 91 0.83 96 0.33 Mustard (NPK) 65 0.74 80 0.45 93 0.16 Sunflower (NEP) 77 0.89 90 0.29 86 0.39 linseed (NPK) 88 0.23 95 0.08 94 0.10 Winter barley (NPK) 69 1.77 78 0.87 96 0.13 wheat (NPK) 74 1.06 82 0.78 97 0.13 Rape (NPK) 57 0.78 84 0.27 100 0.00 Rye (NPK) 56 0.78 77 0.54 90 0.28 Soy (NEP) 86 0.31 100 0.00 94 0.13 spring barley (NPK) 74 0.86 84 0.68 95 0.14 triticale (NEP) 76 0.73 100 0.00 95 0.29 oat (NPK) 85 0.62 94 0.23 100 0.00

/ The nutrient dilution effect / Relationship between the yield and the specific nutrient content of the plants / The nutrient dilution effect /

winter wheat Maize Correlations between the crop yield and the specific K content of the crops Martonvasar, 1960-1995 (Árendás 1998)