Steven Kries Lecture: What is Civilization?

Who is Andre Malroux? The great mystery is not that we should have been thrown down here at random between the profusion of matter and that of the stars; it is that from our very prison we should draw, from our own selves, images powerful enough to deny our nothingness. André Malraux, Man's Fate (1933) How does his historical context inform this quote?

Contrast between studying ancient history and modern history. Archeological v written records.

We can now study man's pre-history through the field of archeology We can now study man's pre-history through the field of archeology. Archeological remains can illuminate how and where early cultures lived, stored food and produced tools. Of course, the history we obtain from archeological digs is by no means complete, especially when compared with man's more recent history (the past 500 years or so). The point is that since the 15th century (and the development of movable type) the sheer number of written records has drastically increased and so too has the work of the historian become more complicated as a result.

Paleolithic Peoples Ability to makes tools; hunter/gatherers; no crops or animal domestication; small bands; nomadic to follow patterns of animal migration and cycles of vegetation; equality of men and women. Controlled environment through tools and use of fire; adaptive; passed skills through generations. Cave Paintings; religious shrines

Venus of Willendorf 24,000 – 22,000 B.C.E

Why does civilization start? Theory of challenge and response Material forces Religious/cultural

Working definitions of civilization are difficult.

The Hebrews gave us faith and morality; Greece gave us reason, philosophy and science; and Rome gave us law and government. This is, of course, a crude oversimplification, and the reason is obvious. Western civilization developed before Greece or Rome.

Some Definitions of Civilizations Urban centers, smelting of metals, methods of writing. More populated and complex in political, social, and economic structure. Sense of history

OED’s comparative definition is unsatisfying. "the action or process of civilizing or of being civilized; a developed or advanced state of human society."

Developed or advanced compared to what? Are we any closer to a working definition?

Civilization From the Latin root civis meaning citizen.

Archeologist V. Gordon Childe writing in 1936 defined civilization by human achievement.

He included: the plow, wheeled cart and draft animals, sailing ships, the smelting of copper and bronze, a solar calendar, writing, standards of measurement, irrigation ditches, specialized craftsmen, urban centers and a surplus of food necessary to support non-agricultural workers who lived within the walls of the city.

Clyde Kluckhorn writing in 1955 said civilization is Towns containing at least 5000 people Writing Monumental centers

Robert M. Adams argued for a definition of civilization as a society with functionally interrelated sets of social institutions: class stratification based on the ownership and control of production, political and religious hierarchies complementing each other in the central administration of territorially organized states and lastly, a complex division of labor, with skilled workers, soldiers and officials existing alongside the great mass of peasant producers.

Civilization is a concept not easily understood; organization and a shared way of thinking.

Over time, the word civilization has come to imply something beyond organization -- it refers to a particular shared way of thinking about the world as well as a reflection on that world in art, literature, drama and a host of other cultural happenings.

Understanding ancient civilizations is ever harder without written records.

Since history is specifically the story of man's written records, the historian of ancient culture must piece together the past from fragments of human endeavor and human achievement. But trying to piece together the past of a culture whose written documents are scarce, makes the historian's task that much more difficult.

Civilization Achievement Organization Shared way of thinking

SOME COMMON ATTRIBUTES Writing/Language Cooperative effort Monumental architecture Technological achievements Metal work Privileged ruling class Ability to collect taxes Complexity/Variety of human action CITIES

Turkey Western (parliamentary, rule of Western law, separation of religion and state, etc.) Islamic

First Cities Catal Huyuk – 8000 BCE Jericho – 6000 BCE

Catal Huyuk / Jericho c.7000

First Civilzations Sumerian c.3500 BC Egyptian c.3000 BC Chinese c. 2500 BC Indian c.2300 Meso-American c.1500 BC Greek/Roman c.800 BC Persian c.625