1000-1300 A Time of Dramatic Growth and Change High Middle Ages 1000-1300 A Time of Dramatic Growth and Change

Improved Farming Methods Heavy (Iron) Plow – cut deeper into the soil and produced better harvests Horses replaced oxen teams for plowing – able to clear more land, grow more crops Three field system – immediate increase in harvest – 2 planted, 1 fallow Increased food supply; First major population increase since the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Growth of Towns Creation of a new group of people: the middle class (merchants, bankers) Rise of money economy: more practical ways to trade goods; moneychangers exchange currencies; begins to replace feudal services. Trade was the key to a town’s growth and survival. (best location)

Sanitation was a major problem. Trash and waste was thrown out doors or windows. Dramatic increase in diseases.

Development of Guilds to control trade within the town. The Guild was formed as a group of people who worked the same job. Their main functions were to enforce standards of quality and set prices. The Guild was open only to proved masters of the trade. Young men would train as an apprentice with a master for 3 to 10 years. APPRENTICE -> JOURNEYMAN -> MASTER

Age of Faith During the High Middle Ages, a new spirit invaded the church in Europe and brought about a spiritual revival in the clergy. Filled with new energy, the church began restructuring itself and started massive building programs to create new places of worship. Task #1: Using your text, identify reforms that were implemented by the church. Why was the church so ready for reform? Identify and Explain.

What in the battle scene reflects Christendom and the Age of Faith?

Great Schism – 1054 C.E. Split between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East

The Age of Faith also inspired wars of conquest. CRUSADES The Age of Faith also inspired wars of conquest. Crusades: series of military expeditions to “rescue” the Holy Land from the Muslims. FIRST CRUSADE: Pope Urban II asked for a volunteer army in 1095; promised immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed. Pilgrimage or Holy War?

Age of Faith Task #2a: Read each document provided. Answer the guiding questions that accompany each document. Task #2b: Based on the documents of your group members, create a chart of reasons the Crusades were launched and effects of the Crusades.

GOALS: Pope – increase his power; reunite the church Knights – win glory in battle, gain riches/ land/ title, “Fight”, adventure, remission of sins Peasants – freedom from feudal bonds; immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed freeing the Holy Land from the non-Christians Merchants – win control of trade & money

30,000 people left Western Europe from 1096-1099 and conquered Jerusalem in June 1099. Most Muslims and Jews were slaughtered. Jerusalem would be captured 50 years later by Muslims. Nine more Crusades would be taken but none were successful.

OUTCOMES: Failed to take long term control of Holy Lands decline of papal prestige decline in the power of the nobles decrease in the power of the eastern Roman empire increase in religious intolerance increase in trade! (goods from far east, learning, technology)

Age of Faith Task #3: Answer the following as a group… What role did the Crusades play in changing the church, the revival of its people, and the deterioration of its relationship with the Muslim world?

Age of Faith What does Thomas Aquinas mean by this? What would make him feel this way? To whom might he be speaking?

Revival of Learning Contact through the Crusades with Muslim and Byzantine scholars ushered the exchange of knowledge of ancient philosophy, science, law, math, medicine, and technology – particularly navigational and weapons technology. Universities arise (Paris, Bologna, Oxford) Scholasticism – St. Thomas Aquinas Proving religious truths through logical argument.

Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) 1337: Fr. King Philip VI seized Gascony which belonged to the English king Edward III  declared war on France Peasant foot soldiers won more battles than knights because of their use of the powerful longbow

Battles Crecy: (1346) Agincourt: (1415) Orleans: (1429) Joan of Arc Aquitane: (1453) French victory Gave rise to the concept of a nation-state! Loyalty to state rather than leader

Power struggle between Church and states Pope Boniface VIII declares supremacy Pope is “kidnapped,” taken to Avignon (1307-1377) 1378-1417 – GREAT SCHISM – 2 popes Leads to decline in Church power

The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) Brought to Europe by Italian traders in 1347 Carried by fleas, spread by rats Symptoms: Fever, chills Swollen buba Rotting flesh

Killed 1/3 to ½ of Europe’s Population Created a labor shortage which led to increased wages for survivors Disrupted trade Decline of Feudalism