BELLWORK 1/13 Describe the FLN insurgency of November 1954. Summarize the concept of collective responsibility. How did this impact war strategy? How were helicopters used as part of French war strategy? How did the conflict in Algeria change once de Gaulle was appointed as the new leader of France? What was the OAS? What were they used for in Algeria?

FLN & Guerilla Warfare (why?) By 1957, FLN evolved into a disciplined fighting force of 40,000 Applied hit-and-run tactics Originally aimed at military/police targets Eventually became a terror campaign against anyone deemed to support French authority Pieds-Noirs farms, factories, businesses, transport, communication Heavily populated French urban areas Moderate Muslims (7,000/2yrs) Harkis

Fighting Tactics: Collective Responsibility Guerrilla Warfare Torture War of retaliation Foreign Aide Civilian Targets

Use of Torture Resulted in acts of kidnapping, murder, rape, torture & violence against all How did the French respond? Henri Alleg's book detailed the various torture methods, among which the famous gégène, an electricity generator initially used for telephone purposes Sleep deprivation & food deprivation (blatant violation of the Geneva Conventions) The French military also buried men alive & did mass executions Decapitations and throat slitting Policy of “collective responsibility”

Use of Torture "The interrogations are done in accordance with the provisional guide of the intelligence agent (Guide provisoire de l'officier de renseignement, OR), chapter IV: first, the officer questions the prisoner in the "traditional" manner, hitting him with fist and kicking him. Then follows torture: hanging..., water torture..., electricity..., burning (using cigarettes, etc.)... Cases of prisoners who were driven insane were frequent... Between interrogation sessions, the suspects are imprisoned without food in cells, some of which were small enough to impede lying down. We must point out that some of them were very young teenagers and others old men of 75, 80 years or more”

Review: Why did the FLN move their guerrilla attacks to the cities Review: Why did the FLN move their guerrilla attacks to the cities? To what extent was this change in strategy successful?

Role of the Media http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GoAIhFNZ6Y

How were helicopters used as part of French war strategy?

Women’s roles in the FLN

Political Effects for France

Charles De Gaulle How did the conflict in Algeria change once de Gaulle was appointed as the new leader of France? How did pieds-noirs respond to this?

OAS What was the OAS? What were they used for in Algeria? Were they successful? Why or why not?

Barricades Week

Operations review With a partner, you will review over the major operations of the Algerian War. As you discuss, complete the back side of the pink worksheet.