Manifest Destiny

Cowboys Mormons Farmers Settlers Native Americans 49ers Definition: The belief in the 1800‘s that the US was destined by God to expand across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Cowboys Railroad Workers Mormons Farmers Settlers Native Americans 49ers

Cowboys Farmers Settlers Native Americans 49ers Mormons Herding cattle from Texas to Kansas Railroad Workers Irish & Chinese immigrants Dangerous & difficult work Mormons Found Utah for religious freedom Farmers Moving west for land Settlers Economic opportunity Land to own and farm Native Americans Forced further west Forced onto reservations 49ers Gold discovered in 1848 Gold rush begins in 1849

MANIFEST DESTINY In the 1840s many Americans believed that their movement westward was predestined by God Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea” – from the Atlantic to the Pacific Westward expansion was also helped by technology

REGIONS CREATE DIFFERENCES The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century New England first to embrace factory system, especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable The South became a “Cotton Kingdom” More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves 1820 = 1,500,000 slaves Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

Tariffs: place taxes on imported goods YOU DECIDE! The industrial North (wanted or did not want) high protective tariffs? The agricultural South (wanted or did not want) high protective tariffs?

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM Economic differences created political tension between North & South Tariffs (again!) As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together House Speaker Henry Clay’s American System called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel: the Erie Canal

NEW INVENTIONS HELP EXPANSION 1837 – Samuel Morse invented the Telegraph Railroads were becoming faster and more numerous by 1830 surpassing canals as # 1 means of transport Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830, 200 were on the Mississippi John Deere’s Steel Plow and Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper improved agriculture By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country

Mexico wins independence from Spain in 1821 Americans settle Mexico’s northern border (Texas) but keep US customs Mexican government tries to enforce new laws that upset US settlers (like no slavery)

4. Texans clash with Mexican army led by Santa Anna Sam Houston & Texan leaders declare Texas independent

6. Texas is a sovereign (independent) nation from 1836-1846

THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO REMEMBER THE ALAMO During the revolt against Mexican rule, American Texans moved into an old mission known as the Alamo. After 12 days, 150 people held off an army of 6000 The Mexican troops finally scaled the walls and killed all 187 Americans “Remember the Alamo!” becomes a famous battle cry. Why? THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO

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MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR In 1844 President James Polk wanted to annex Texas (make it part of the U.S.) Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna admitted defeat Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed – U.S. won present-day Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Colorado and New Mexico MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA

The US enters in 1846 and the war lasts 20 months – helps the United States reach goal of Manifest Destiny © Students of History - http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico agreed to accept the Rio Grande River as the north border of Texas 2. Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the US 3. Mexico gave up a large stretch of land between Texas and the Pacific

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850 Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY