Mexican Texas and Anglo Immigration, 1821-1836

A Great Irony Mexico and Illegal immigration Empresarios Primarily from the US - especially the Upper South Spanish encouragement Buffers Militarization Empresarios

Empresarios Moses Austin Definition: Panic of 1819 Death in 1821 Definition: An agent hired by the government with the legal power to recruit authorized immigrants and sell them land.

Stephen F. Austin The Old Three Hundred Requirements Citizenship Law abiding Spanish Catholicism Assimilation

Famous immigrants 1st immigrant Jared Groce – founder of Hempstead Settlements -Navasota -Brenham -LaGrange -San Felipe de Austin

Legal Structure of the Empresario Grants Imperial Colonization Law of 1823 Acreage for agriculture 2-year progress requirement Religion Slaves Coahuila y Tejas Law (1825) Spanish and Catholicism

Other Empresarios Green Dewitt Martin de León Guadalupe Victtoria

Fredonian Rebellion US filibuster into Tejas Haden Edwards Ben Edwards Dealing with illegal immigration Conflict with Mexico over handling Ben Edwards “Republic of Fredonia.” “Austin’s militia”

Changes coming General Manuel Mier y Teran Recommendations Lack of Mexican influence Segregation and discrimination TONS of illegal immigration Lack of assimilation Recommendations More colonists from the interior More non-American whites Increased military presence

Law of April 6, 1830 Immigration from US illegal Suspends the empresario system Militarizes Tejas Prohibits further importation of slaves Enforcement of tariffs

Responses Protest in Mexico City Tax protests Anahuac Velasco Nacogdoches

Slavery Emancipation Decree (1829) William Barret Travis Led to a huge runaway problem William Barret Travis Slavecatcher Charges of Sedition

Texas Convention of 1832 Held in San Felipe de Austin A petition to the Mexican government Repeal the Law of April 6th Separate statehood for Tejas Exempt Tejas from taxes

Texas Convention of 1833 Sam Houston elected leader Create an army to protect Tejas Independence movement “draft” constitution for Tejas

Austin in Mexico City Meets with Santa Anna Presents petition Agrees to exempt Texas from slaves Exempts Texas from taxes Austin loses his cool “Prison of the Inquisition.”

The Road to Texas’ Revolution Santa Anna seizes power Dissolution of the Federal Constitution “un-charters” the states Revolutions in opposition to Santa Anna Zacatecas Yucatan California Coahuila y Tejas

Organization in Texas Militias – loyal to locals Gonazales “Come and Take it” American rebels Lt. Francisco de Castaneda Militia successes Goliad (1835) San Antonio (1835)

Consultation of 1835 Austin colony Official vote of secession Creation of an army Sam Houston placed in command Santa Anna 6000 man army sent to California Conscripts 3000

Declaration of Independence Washington on the Brazos Several of the delegates were Tejanos Elites slaveholders

Understanding the revolution Liberty Loving Anglos Southern Slavocracy Constitutional conflict Economics Political values Contempt for Mexico Ethnocentrism and racism as cause Ethnocentrism and racism as result

Battle of the Alamo 1836 Santa Anna loses 1500 men Interior fighting was about 20 minutes Casualties – near total loss for rebels

Goliad - General Jose Urrea doiminates Fannin’s indecision “no quarter” Unifying factor

“The Runaway Scrape” and the end Battle of San Jacinto Santa Anna surrenders Recognizes Texas independence Recognizes border as Rio Grande Treaty of Velasco Never recognized by Mexico

Tejanos At minimum 150-160 combatants Juan Seguin Esparza Brothers Gregorio Francisco Lorenzo de Zavala - Vice president of Texas

African Americans Greenbury Logan Samuel McCullough Slaves Role of slavery in new “republic”