1.B.1 Conserved Core Processes Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.

Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains.

Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes No membrane-bound organelles or nuclei Peptidoglycan in cell walls Rapid reproduction and mutation May want to review Ch 27

Domain Archaea Prokaryotes Share certain traits with bacteria and others with eukaryotes …but also have own unique characteristics Many are extremophiles (“lovers of extreme conditions”)

Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Protists, fungi, plants, animals

Eukaryotic Kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Number of cells Unicellular to multicellular Multicellular How it obtains energy Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Cell wall? Generally, no (but some do) Yes (made of chitin) Yes (made of cellulose) No Example Volvox, Paramecium, Euglena Mushrooms, yeast, molds Ferns, trees, flowers Worms, dogs, humans

The following core processes provide evidence that all organisms (both extant and extinct) are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.

We will start with the things that ALL domains share. All Life DNA and RNA Central Dogma metabolic pathways Eukarya endomembrane system linear chromosomes membrane-bound organelles cytoskeleton Archaea Bacteria We will start with the things that ALL domains share.

DNA and RNA are the carriers of genetic information for all domains of life.

The Central Dogma is conserved across all three domains.

The genetic code is universal and shared by all modern organisms.

Metabolic pathways are conserved across all domains.

Next, we will look at what eukaryotes share. All Life DNA and RNA Central Dogma metabolic pathways Eukarya endomembrane system linear chromosomes membrane-bound organelles cytoskeleton Archaea Bacteria Next, we will look at what eukaryotes share.

Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes.

Example: All eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity and organelle transport.

Example: All eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts

Example: All eukaryotes have linear chromosomes

Example: All eukaryotes have endomembrane systems, which includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. Hint: this would be a great time to review the endomembrane system and what it does! Here is a simple animation for you: http://goo.gl/rhY8Xs

The fact that all eukaryotic cells share these similar structures is evidence of a universal common ancestor.