Integrating and Analyzing Quotes

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The rhetorical triangle represents three important elements of effective argument and communication. Ethos: Is the person making the argument credible? Logos: Is the argument logical? Does it makes sense? Pathos: Is the writer/speaker appealing to the emotions of the audience?

Why use quotes in an essay? Ethos: The credibility of the argument A writer should use specific quotes from the text to support her point. It’s not enough to just explain an idea. Instead, use the actual words—a quote—from the book to help establish an argument. When doing research, writers should bring in the work of other experts in the field to help establish credibility. The writer should document the sources appropriately depending on the preferred style guide for the paper such as MLA or APA.

How should I format the quotes? Think of the Quote Sandwich First, you have to introduce the quote. This is your top piece of bread. Second, use the quote. This is the “good stuff” in the middle of your sandwich. Third, analyze the quote. This is your bottom piece of bread.

How do you use quotes an essay? Think of the parts of the sandwich! Bread on top Introduce quote Good stuff Quote in the middle Bread on Commentary on bottom quote

Structure for Analysis Paragraph   The first sentence should introduce the title and author. The next few sentences should provide some general information leading up to the quote.    Right before the quote, use a signal phrase: The author explains, shows, states, argues, illustrates…  Chose and insert a meaningful quote. After the quote, provide a few sentences of commentary. Refer back to the reading log. The student may be able to use something she’s already written—something that was in the right column.

Step 1: Introduce the author, book, and general overview of work Title of Book: The Compadre Author: Dr. Jose Torres __________________________________________ In his book The Compadre, Dr. Torres explores the complexities of relationships.

Step 1: Introduce the author and book Never assume that your audience already knows the work that you referring to even if the audience is your professor. Instead, imagine your audience is anyone on campus who may come across your work. Dr. Torres explains in his article “Bad Dude Syndrome” that ______________. Writing in the journal Ethics & Society, Dr. Torres argues that _____ In his book _______, X explores ____________. Adapted from: Graff, Gerald And Cathy Birkenstein. They Say, I Say. New York: Norton and Company. 2006. Print.

Step 2: Provide a few sentences of background/context leading up to the quote ________ tend to believe that____________ Conventional wisdom has it that___________ Society often thinks that ______________ __________ celebrates the fact that ___________emphasizes that

Step 2: Provide a few sentences of background/context leading up to the quote In his book The Compadre, Dr. Torres explores the complexities of relationships. He emphasizes that friendships can be very difficult to keep up. Although intentions may be sincere, life can get in the way. One of the challenges can be communication.

Step Three: Chose a meaningful quote and introduce it by using a signal phrase A signal phrase is group of words that signals that a quote will be introduced According to Dr. Torres, “____________________” (50). Dr. Torres states, “__________________________” (35). Dr. Torres complicates matters further when he writes that “__________” (56). The author demonstrates this concept “________” (4). Notice that the page number goes in parentheses followed by punctuation. Adapted from: Graff, Gerald And Cathy Birkenstein. They Say, I Say. New York: Norton and Company. 2006. Print.

Choose different signal phrases to add variety

Step Three: Introduce a quote by using a signal phrase In his book The Compadre, Dr. Torres explores the complexities of relationships. He emphasizes that friendships can be very difficult to keep up. Although intentions may be sincere, life can get in the way. One of the challenges can be communication. The author demonstrates this when the character “Joe, in a fit of rage, screams at his friend Sue” (Torres 4).

Provide commentary/analysis after the quote Step 4: Provide commentary/analysis after the quote In other words, __________________ To put it another way,_________________ ____________ is important because_____________ Although ______________ may seem trivial, it is in fact crucial in terms of today’s concern over____________. Ultimately, what is at stake here is___________________ Adapted from: Graff, Gerald And Cathy Birkenstein. They Say, I Say. New York: Norton and Company. 2006. Print.

Provide commentary/analysis after the quote Step 4: Provide commentary/analysis after the quote In his book The Compadre, Dr. Torres emphasizes the complexities of relationships. He suggests that friendships can be very difficult to keep up. Although intentions may be sincere, life can get in the way. One of the challenges can be communication. The author shows this when the character “Joe, in a fit of rage, screams at his friend Sue” (Torres 4). Ultimately what is at stake here is the relationship. When arguments turn into screaming matches, friendships can be damaged. Rather than screaming, friends should calmly explain their problems, which can perhaps preserve a friendship.

How should I format the quotes? Think of the Quote Sandwich First, you have to introduce the quote. This is your top piece of bread. Second, use the quote. This is the “good stuff” in the middle of your sandwich. Third, analyze the quote. This is your bottom piece of bread.

Avoid the following mistakes 1. Use quotations sparingly. Too many quotes can overpower your voice. In order to make your own writing flow as smoothly as possible, it is usually best to use only an effective part of the quotation as part of your own sentences. The shorter the essay the more important this principle becomes. 2. Never drop a quotation in your paper. You must use your own words to introduce a quotation. When omitting words from within a single sentence, use only three ellipsis dots (. . . ). Three point ellipses have single typed spaces before and after each of the three dots: 3. Use brackets to specify ambiguous pronouns within a quotation. Eg: “As revealed to me [Oedipus] by the Delphi oracle” (15). Do not rely on quotations to do the work for you. You must always follow a quotation or paraphrase with commentary. 4. Quotations should fit into your argument. If punctuation, pronouns, or verb tenses do not flow with your own words, paraphrase or make minor changes to the quotation, surrounding them with brackets

Colon, Comma, or Nothing? 1. Introduce the quotation with a complete sentence and a colon. Example: Thoreau's philosophy might be summed up best by his repeated request for people to ignore the insignificant details of life: "Our life is frittered away by detail. An honest man has hardly need to count more than his ten fingers, or in extreme cases he may add his ten toes, and lump the rest. Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!” 2. Use an introductory or explanatory phrase, but not a complete sentence, separated from the quotation with a comma. Example: Thoreau asks, "Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life?” 3. Make the quotation a part of your own sentence without any punctuation between your own words and the words you are quoting. Example: Thoreau argues that "shams and delusions are esteemed for soundest truths, while reality is fabulous."