The Standard Model - Bosons Bosons – Have different properties than quarks and leptons. *Gauge bosons - force carriers Force Carrier Bosons: Photon - Force carrier for electromagnetic forces Z and W Bosons - Force carriers for the weak force Gluon- Force carrier for the strong force

The Standard Model – Higgs Boson Higgs Boson – Same properties as the other bosons (physically) BUT has a different function This particle gives mass to other particles. Without mass, particles cannot interact.

The Standard Model – The Higgs Field Higgs particles are evidence of the Higgs Field – which all other particles interact with. At the start of universe - all particles moved through & interacted with the Higgs Field More interaction = more mass Less interaction = less mass

Why Do We Need Mass? Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation A force of attraction exists between any objects with mass

Higgs Boson Detection Announced on July 4, 2012 Two main teams: Atlas and CMS both found enough evidence of a particle matching the hypothesized Higgs Achieved 5-sigma of certainty 1 in 3.5 million that the results are wrong

Third Nine Weeks Project Modern Physics – Article Reviews For each review, please include The Article Must be at least one printed page in length Must have be current, no earlier than 2010* Blogs or editorials must have approval prior to use Suggested Sources for Articles News Sources (ABC News, NBC News, CNN, New York Times..) Scholarly Journals (Nature, Scientific American….)

Third Nine Weeks Project Modern Physics – Article Reviews For each review, please include The Article Citation (MLA) Major Findings (1 – 2 Paragraphs) *Article Reflection (1 – 2 Paragraphs) First Article on the Higgs Boson/Standard Model

Gravitational Waves Back to Einstein - 1916 General Theory of Relativity Visualized the dimensions of space-time like a blanket or sheet. Objects with mass cause ‘dents’ in this ‘fabric’

Gravitational Waves 3-Dimensional Look Movement causes ‘ripples’ in this fabric Larger objects, more movement causes larger ‘ripples’

Gravitational Waves - Detection September 14, 2015 First measured gravitational wave Measured by LIGO using two different experimental set-ups in Washington state and Louisiana. Verified with measurements from Europe.