Dr. JP Dadhich MD (Paediatrics) National Coordinator, BPNI, India Carbon Footprint due to Milk Formula: A study from selected countries of Asia-Pacific region Dr. JP Dadhich MD (Paediatrics) National Coordinator, BPNI, India Coordinator, IBFAN Asia group on Environment and Climate Change and Infant feeding

Acknowledgment Dr. Julie Smith, Economist, Australian National University Alessandro Iellamo, Independent researcher, Italy/Philippines Dr. Adlina Suleiman, National Defense University of Malaysia Dr. Phillip Baker, Australian National University

Context Breastfeeding is environment friendly Formula adds to climate change burden Quantitative data about carbon footprint due to formula?

Methodology :Selection of countries Income Category Countries High Income Australia; South Korea Upper Middle Income China; Malaysia Lower Middle Income India; Philippines World bank. Country and Lending Groups. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#East_Asia_and_Pacific

Methodology: Calculation of GHG due to Milk Formula Retrieving industry data on milk formula sale Volume of sale for different types of formula – current/projections Examining composition of milk formula Codex Alimentarius standards for Standard infant formula Follow-up Formula Formula for special medical use Euromonitor Passport Market Information Database (2012)

Methodology: Calculation of GHG due to Milk Formula Calculating GHG emissions due to the milk formula GHG due to Individual ingredients  Finished products Analysing GHG emissions due to milk formula Comparing GHG emissions due to MF with other contributors

Results - Composition of the Milk Formulas* Composition/Ingredient of milk formula Levels in the Std infant formula powder Proportion (upper limits) Levels in the follow-up formula powder Calories 60-70 kcal/100ml 60-85 kcal/ 100 ml   Carbohydrate 9.0 – 14.0 g/22.5 g Appr. 60% 15. 0 g/22.5 g Appr. 67% Protein 1.8 – 3.0 g/22.5 g Appr. 13% 1.8 – 3.4 g/22.5 g Appr. 15 % Lipid 4.4 – 6.0 g/22.5 g Appr. 27% 1.8 – 3.6 g/22.5 g Appr. 17 % *Extrapolated from relevant Codex Standrads

GHG Emissions (kg CO2 eq) per kg of Milk Formula Possible Combinations of ingredients Calculation of GHG emissions for a particular combination Average GHG emissions for each category of Milk Formula Standard Milk Formula/Special Milk Formula 3.95 kg Co2 eq per kg FU Milk Formula/Toddler’s Milk Formula 4.04 kg Co2 eq per kg

Estimation of GHG due to Milk Formula Estimation of GHG done for each study country for all 4 categories of MF Standard Milk Formula Follow-on Milk Formula Toddler’s Milk Formula Formula for Special Medical Use Based on the projections for 2017, trends were estimated Euromonitor Passport Market Information Database (2012)

Milk Formula Category and GHG emissions (6 countries)

Contribution of Milk Formula categories to GHG emissions in study countries (%) Country Std Milk Formula FU Milk Formula Toddler Milk Formula Special Milk Formula Australia 41.6 31.0 10.7 16.5 China 25.8 30.0 43.9 0.2 India 39.0 50.0 8.5 1.6 Malaysia 16.2 17.1 66.0 0.55 Philippines 26.7 23.6 47.4 2.3 S. Korea 42.1 26.9 22.4 8.4

Each study country’s contribution to GHG emissions (2012) Total GHG 2.89 MT

Per Capita GHG emission in study countries

Projections in the sale of Milk Formula and resulting GHG emissions (2012-2017) Country Percentage change   Leading category of milk formula predicted with an increase Australia +8.25% Standard Milk Formula China +87.46% Toddler’s Milk Formula India +10.37% Follow-on Milk Formula Malaysia +35.60% Philippines +9.84% South Korea - 7.53% Special Baby Milk Formula

Equivalent activities for total GHG emission due to milk formula (2 Equivalent activities for total GHG emission due to milk formula (2.89 M tonnes) ( The US conditions) Equivalent to annual greenhouse gas emissions from any of these 6888.1 Million Miles driven by an average passenger vehicle 1.03 Million Tons of waste sent to the landfill CO2 emissions from any of these 325.5 Million gallons of gasoline consumed 3107.4 Million Pounds of coal burned Carbon sequestered by any one of these 74.1 Million tree seedlings grown for 10 years 2.37 Million acres of U.S. forests in one year http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html#results

Conclusions and Way Forward Milk Formulas have emerged an important source of GHG emissions Projections show an ever increasing sale of these products with consequent increase in the GHG emissions Effective implementation of the International Code of marketing of BMS and other measures to protect, promote and support breastfeeding are crucial Estimation of GHG due to Milk Formula for all the countries is required

Thanks ! Report is available at: http://ibfan.org/docs/Carbon-Footprints-Due-to-Milk-Formula.pdf