VARIOUS LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS IN ACC

CENTRIFUGE

CENTRIFUGE Centrifugation is a separation technique by which particles of different shape,size and density are separated based upon their sedimentation rate by spinning under the influence of centrifugal force.(extra gravitational force) The instrument used to hold the sample and generate the centrifugal force is called as centrifuge.centrifuge is made up of rotor. .A rotor can hold the sample tube and spin along its own axis at different speeds to generate centrifugal force.Speed of rotor spin denoted as rpm.

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Absorbance, Transmittance, and Reflection Absorbance, Transmittance, and Reflection. A spectrophotometer measures how light interacts with atoms or molecules in a sample.

Lamp Prism Sample holder photomultiplier Display Parts of a Spectrophotometer Lamp Prism Sample holder photomultiplier Display How a Spectrophotometer Works White light hits prism Light is split into colors of the rainbow Wavelength knob directs different colors toward sample

pH Meter Ph meter is use for koning the Ph of the solution A sample is placed in a cup and the glass probe at the end of the retractable arm is placed in it. The probe is connected to the main box. There are two electrodes inside the probe that measure voltage. One is contained in liquid with fixed pH. The other measures the acidity of the sample through the amount of H+ ions.

pH Meter A voltmeter in the probe measures the difference between the voltages of the two electrodes. The meter then translates the voltage difference into pH and displays it on the screen. Before taking a pH measurement the meter must be calibrated using a solution of known pH.

MICROPIPETTE Used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquids accurately and precisely. For volumes less than 1ml

MICROPIPETTE

MICROPIPETTE RULES Never adjust the volume beyond the range of the micropipette Never force the volume adjustor dial. Do not drop pipette Always use a smooth motion when using the pipette. Always choose to appropriate size pipette for the volume you are measuring. Always dispose of tips in appropriate waste containing. Never leave tips in glassware.

microscope  is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample.

Analytical balance- is used to measure mass to a high degree of precision and accuracy. It is often found in a laboratory setting and is used only with the most meticulous of measurements.

AUTOCLAVE A large pressure cooker type device in which boiling temperature of water is increased with increase in pressure It used for sterilizing glassware ,culture media etc , for laboratory studies. The autoclave is operated at 15lbs pressure per square inch above normal atmospheric pressure . At this pressure , water boils at 1210 c instead of 1000c .Most forms of life are usually killed by exposure to a temperature at 1210c for 15 minutes

INCUBATOR It is an instrument that consists of copper steel chamber around which warm water/air is circulated by electric current. The instrument is generally designed that it can allow the desired micro organisms to grow at a particular temperature.

LAMINAR FLOWBENCH It is used to supply the air through the filters .(HEPA) the laminar flow bench is based on flow of air current of uniform velocity along parallel flow lines . It helps in regulating the temperature.