Urinary and Lymphatic Systems

Functions of Lymphatic System Filters lymph fluid Returns leaked fluid to circulatory system Produces and modifies cells of immune system to fight infection

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Fluid Lymph Capillaries Lymph Vessels Lymph Nodes (nonsecreting "glands“) Thymus Spleen Tonsils

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Fluid: The clear fluid found outside the cells which bathes the tissues. It is collected, filtered, and transported by the lymphatic system from around the tissues to the blood of the circulatory system.

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Capillaries – collect lymph fluid from the tissues of the body Lymph Capillary Animation: http://www.lymphnotes.com/article.php/id/151/

Lymph Capillaries Thin walled - pick up and recycle extra tissue fluid During inflammation, lymph capillaries can absorb: Cell debris Pathogens Cancer cells Lymph circulation due to ?

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels transport lymph fluid to the circulatory system.

Lymphatic vessels comparable in structure to veins Damaged valves or blocked lymph vessels ???

Lymph Transport The lymphatic system lacks a pumping organ To propel lymph, vessels rely on: Pulsations of nearby arteries Movement of muscles throughout the body Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatic vessels

Lymphoid Organs – aid in the production of lymphocytes (WBC) Lymph Nodes Spleen Thymus Tonsils 11 11

Lymphocytes White Blood Cells (Lymphocytes) are the main cells involved in the immune response Two main varieties: T cells B cells

White Blood Cells a.k.a Lymphocytes Antigen – anything the body perceives as foreign Bacteria and their toxins; viruses Mismatched RBCs or cancer cells T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens

Lymphocytes a.k.a. (White Blood Cells) 2. T cells Manage the immune response Attack and destroy foreign cells 3. B cells Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies Antibodies immobilize antigens

Bone Marrow: Lymphopoiesis Fig 23.7 Lymphocytes are later also produced in thymus, spleen and tonsils

Lymph Nodes - Primary lymphatic organs of the body Found within connective tissue and along lymphatic vessels 2 basic functions: Filtration –remove microorganisms, dead cells, and debris Immune system activation – monitor and attack antigens 16

Lymph nodes Lymph Nodes Animation 17 17

Spleen Largest lymphatic organ Functions: Site of white blood cell production Immune surveillance and response Cleanses the blood by removing dead red blood cells 19 19

Thymus Only lymphoid organ that does NOT fight antigens, it functions as “T-cell academy” – modifies T-cells 20 20

Tonsils & Adenoids Simplest lymphatic organs Trap bacteria and other antigens which work their way into the follicles where they are destroyed 21 21

The Urinary System

Functions of Urinary System Regulate fluid balance (fluid volume) of the body Excrete waste products from the blood Stabilize blood pH Regulate ion concentrations in the blood FILTER BLOOD

Kidney Location Retroperitoneal - between the body wall and peritoneum

Major Organs of the Urinary System Kidneys– main organs of the urinary system; have specialized cells called Nephrons that filter harmful poisons like urea from the blood

Major Organs of the Urinary System Kidneys– main organs of the urinary system; have specialized cells called Nephrons that filter harmful poisons like urea from the blood

Major Organs of the Urinary System Bladder –stores urine

Major Organs of the Urinary System Bladder –stores urine

Major Organs of the Urinary System Ureters– tubes that connect kidneys to bladder

Major Organs of the Urinary System Ureters– tubes that connect kidneys to bladder

Major Organs of the Urinary System Urethra– tube thru which urine exits the body

Major Organs of the Urinary System Urethra– tube thru which urine exits the body

Major Organs of the Urinary System Kidneys– main organs of the urinary system; have specialized cells called Nephrons that filter harmful poisons like urea from the blood Bladder –stores urine Ureters– tubes that connect kidneys to bladder Urethra– tube thru which urine exits the body

2 Categories of Waste Removed By the Kidneys (produced by cellular respiration)

Excretion and other body systems

Cross section

Kidney Stones

Renal failure Acute (sudden) kidney failure is the sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine. Can be caused by: Dehydration, Hemorrhage, Injury, Septic shock, Serious illness, Surgery

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