Synthesis of Heterocyclic Rings 2 (Cyclization at double bonds)

Baldwin's rules for ring closures

Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones undergo addition reactions Acids and their derivatives undergo substitution reactions

Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Groups Hinzberg Synthesis of Thiophene

Pall-Knorr Synthesis of Furane

Pall-Knorr Synthesis of Pyrrole

Synthesis of indole

Synthesis of Benzofurane

Synthesis of Isoxazole

Cyclization onto an ortho position of a benzene ring o-position acts as a nucleophile

Cyclization onto the ortho position of a phenyl ring more examples

Reaction to Other double bonds (C=S, C=N, C=C)