VARIOUS KINDS OF SEPARATION Types and description

Types of Separation in ATC Vertical Separation Horizontal Separation & Radar Separation or Procedural separation Runway Separation

Short Notes; Separation in ATC Preventing Collisions in Aircrafts is called Separation The distance required between aircrafts in IFR operation is called Separation and has 3 types Vertical, Horizontal and Radar By using RVSM, traffic is increased. Amount of separation depend on aircraft and radar coverage.

What is Standard separation-2marks Standard separation refers to the distance required between aircraft- primarily an IFR aircraft

Vertical separation No aircraft should come closer vertically than 300 metres unless some form of horizontal separation provided at an altitude of 29,000 feet . Above 29,000 feet (8,800 m), no aircraft shall come closer than 600 m( except in airspace where Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) can be applied.

Vertical Separation

Vertical separation with and without RVSM

Runway Separation Runway Separation for an arriving aircraft from another aircraft using the same runway by ensuring that the arriving aircraft does not cross the landing threshold

Runway Separation

Categories of Runway Separation Category 1-An aircraft is landing behind another aircraft at a distance of 3000’ Category 2-Air Aircraft is landing behind another aircraft at a distance of 4500’ Category 3- Aircraft is landing behing another aircraft at a distance of 6000’

3 Categories of Runway separation

What is Radar Separation Within Controlled areas, aircraft can get within very close proximity and to control that proximity air traffic controllers use a set of procedures and regulations to keep aircraft separated safely at all times and communicate with them through radio is called Radar separation

Radar Separation by 2 minutes Separate IFR/VFR aircraft landing behind a departing heavy jet/B757 on a crossing runway if the arrival will fly through the airborne path of the departure- 2 minutes or the appropriate radar separation minima

Radar Separation

Controlled and Uncontrolled Air Space Controlled Airspace-Controlled airspace consists of airspace classes A, B, C, D and E. & Uncontrolled Airspace-The uncontrolled airspace consists of airspace classes F, G+ and G. uncontrolled airspace includes:

Classification of Air Space IN INDIA D & E are controlled Airspace where ATC clearance reqd. F & G are un-Controlled Airspace where no clearance reqd. 16

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Major Classification of Airspaces D,E,F & G Class D:Airspaces in terminal areas, control areas, control zones and aerodrome traffic zones been classified and designated as class D airspace. IFR and VFR flights permitted Class E:Airspaces in designated ATS routes outside terminal areas, control areas and control zones, where air traffic control service is provided been classified and designated as class E airspace.

Major Classification of Airspace-Contd. Class F:Airspaces in designated ATS route segments outside terminal areas, control areas and control zones, where air traffic advisory service is provided been classified and designated as class F airspace. Class G:Airspaces other than those in Class D, E and F been classified and designated as class G airspace.

Classification of Air Space Type of flight permitted Separation from IFR Speed limitation Radio Rqmt ATC clearance 1 D IFR 250 KIAS 2 Way yes 2 E Yes 3 F no 4 G Nil

Classification of Air Space

Controlled Airspace Control zones (CTR) Terminal control areas (TMA) Military control areas (MIL CTA) Airspace between FL 95 and FL 660 ATS routes between FL 65 and FL 95

Airspace Classes(Class C,D,G+,G) Class C- Separation from VFR to IFR provided; VMC visibility @ cloud minimum is 1000’ and 5KM to 8 KM; VFR from IFR service provided;Traffic info about VFR flights provided; and 2 way radio communication-ATC clearance Class D-No separation VFR to IFR; Air traffic control service and traffic information provided about VFR flights; 2 way radio communication; ATC clearance Class G+-No separation from VFR to IFR;Not subjected to ATC Clearance; FIS provided; 2 way radio communication; Class G-No clearance for ATC,No 2 way Radio com, No separation from VFR to IFR

FLIGHT SEPARATIONS TYPES AND FEATURES

Separation in ATC To prevent aircraft from coming too close to each other by the use of lateral, vertical and longitudinal separation minima Preventing collisions is called as separation in ATC,using collision avoidance system installed at ATC

ATC Separation

Types of ATC Separation Vertical separation Horizontal separation Radar separation

Vertical Separation Minimum Vertical Separation -the name for keeping an aircraft in a minimum distance aircraft colliding, as well as prevent accidents due to turbulence Whether aircraft actually need separating depends upon the class of airspace aircraft flying, and the flight rules Between the surface and an altitude of 29,000 feet (8,800 m), no aircraft should come closer vertically than 1,000 feet or 300 metres

Horizontal Speed Control Horizontal Speed Control for establishing a desired separation between two aircrafts FL 250 at and above, Speed adjustments be expressed in multiples of 0.01 Mach number Below FL250, Speed adjustment be Multiples of 10 Knots based on Indicated Airspeed Instructions involving frequent changes of speed, including alternate speed increases and decreases, should be avoided.

Vertical Speed Control Instrument displaying rate of climb or descent in feet per minute-called Vertical speed Aircraft shall adhere to the Mach number assigned by ATC, to within 0.01 Mach Aircraft be instructed to adjust rate of climb or rate of descent for Vertical speed control be applied between two climbing aircraft or two descending aircraft in order to establish or maintain a specific vertical separation minimum.