Chapter 14: the power and limits of professional knowledge Learning outcomes Assessment II . Section 203 chapter presentation Presented by: Sarah Alyaqoob Sukainah Akhridah Aisha Alkhaldi Chapter 14: the power and limits of professional knowledge

Outline Professional Fallibility and the Glut of Information. The Ideal of Professional Knowledge. True and False Loyalty to a Profession.

Professional Fallibility and the Glut of Information Our enormous amount of information that we face grows exponentially. Do we acquire all these information? From where does the information come to us?

Professional Fallibility and the Glut of Information. We are now keenly aware that all humans are fallible, in predictable ways: Subject to a tendency to egocentric thinking Subject to a tendency to socio-centric thinking Subject to a tendency to self-deception Subject to a lack of intellectual "virtues" Subject to a tendency to violate basic intellectual standards Subject to the influence of vested interest

Subject to a tendency to egocentric thinking

Subject to a tendency to socio-centric thinking My group is the best This is my group

Subject to a tendency to self-deception

Subject to a lack of intellectual "virtues"

Subject to a tendency to violate basic intellectual standards

Subject to the influence of vested interest

The Ideal of Professional Knowledge Professional knowledge is being acquired and used to minimize human suffering, to meet basic human needs, and to preserve the environment Ideally, professionals acquire knowledge to distribute benefits in the broadest and most just way.

The Ideal of Professional Knowledge Think of the profession in a rational way. strength weaknesses

True and False loyalty to a profession True loyalty Serves the public interest False loyalty A fear of being disapproved or punished by other members of the profession

The gab between Fact and Ideal Human fallibility All professional knowledge is acquired, analyzed, and put to use in the world by individuals subject to the pitfalls of human weakness, self-deception, and a variety of pathological states of mind Vested interest Human professional knowledge exists in a world of power, status, and wealth. The struggle over all three significantly influences what information is acquired within any profession, how it is interpreted, and how it is used.

The ideal compared to the real All professional knowledge use in the world based on academic disciplines All teaching profession occurs within the culture

The pain and suffering for those who fail

2. The ideal of science: Is based on the nation that, instead of thinking about what the world must be like.

The ideal of social science: history, sociology, Anthropology, economics, and psychology

Human behavior is the result of the meaning- creating capacity of the human mind and is much more a product of human thinking than human instinct. Ex As humans we are born at a culture at some point in time in some place, and reared by parents with particular beliefs.

examples Sociologically Philosophically Ethically Biologically psychologically

History as an ideal If we as humans don’t study mistakes of the past, we are bound to repeat them. History enables us to grasp the nature of our own past, how we have come to be the way we are, the problems we have had to overcomes, the forces that have acted, and are acting upon us.

Sociology as an ideal We humans are social animals. Is it in our nature to live and function within groups. To be free creatures, we need to understand the social conditions under which we live and act.

Anthropology as an Ideal It helps remind us how variable human culture is and how hard its to judge one culture from the perspective of another.

Economics as an Ideal The study of the conditions and systems in which and through which humans seek to satisfy their needs and fulfill their desires is economics.

Psychology as an Ideal The nature of the human mind is central determinant in human life.

The social sciences as Taught and practiced The social studies should make significant contribution to a better world.

The Ideal of the Arts and Humanities ( Music, painting, sculpture, Architecture, dance, and philosophy) * The Promise of the Fine Arts and Literature * The Reality of Instruction in the Fine Arts and Literature * The Promise of Philosophy * The Reality of Philosophy

Conclusion As critical thinkers, we must be careful not to assume that the things are actually the way they are represented in the human life.