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Review Virus living or nonliving? Virus shapes/structure “Lock” & “Key” Reproduction Lytic Cycle vs. Lysogenic Cycle Bacteria Prokaryotes Bacteria shapes/structure

Protists The Kingdom Protists is a diverse group of organisms. Protists are eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Eukaryotes are organisms that have cells with a distinct membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Protists The word that best describes protists is diversity. For example, most protists are unicellular, but some are multicellular. Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs, and others are both. Some protists cannot move, while others zoom around their moist surroundings.

Question??? How Would you describe protists, using you own words? How do protists obtain their nutrients from the environment?

The Six Kingdoms 3.5 bya Archaea (prokaryotes) Dates are approximate!! 3.5 bya Archaea (prokaryotes) 1.8 bya Bacteria (prokaryotes) Protista (eukaryotes) Plant-like animal-like fungi-like 1.2 bya Plants (aquatic) 650 mya Animals Fungi (aquatic) (aquatic) 600 mya (land) 550 mya (land) 450 mya (land) Viruses

Protists Because of the great variety of protists, scientists have grouped protists into three categories, based on characteristics they share with organisms in other kingdoms: animal-like protists, plantlike protists, and fungus-like protists.

Protists Most unicellular protists are microscopic. However, there are unicellular protists that are large enough to see with the naked eye. These are usually types of algae. Plantlike protists are similar to plant because they make their own nutrients. However, plantlike protists differ from plants because they lack plant features, such as roots and stems.

Question??? Name the cause and effect of an algae bloom in a river? Cause: Increase in fertilizer Effects: High turbidity; Photosynthesis cannot occur What would happen to the fish in a water system if an algae bloom occurred? (Hint: dissolved oxygen) The fish will die because of lack of dissolved oxygen

What features do plantlike protists lack? Question??? What features do plantlike protists lack? Roots and steams

Plantlike Protists Euglena Euglena: is a unicellular protist that has some characteristics of both plants and animals. Euglena is similar to an animals because it can move about freely and feed in other organisms. However, Euglena is similar to plants because it also has the ability to make its own food. (autotroph by day)

Euglena continued… Like plants cells, Euglena contains chloroplast. Chloroplast is the site for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures the energy of the Sun to drive photosynthesis.

Structure of Euglena Euglena has a pigmented organelle called an eyespot. Euglena does not use its eyespot to see. The eyespot is used to detect light. When the eyespot detects light, the Euglena can use its flagellum to move towards the light so that its chloroplast can carry on photosynthesis. (Autotroph) When Euglena cannot detect light, it will ingest its nutrients from the environment It will become a heterotroph.

Volvox Volvox Volvox: is a unicellular plantlike protist that has chloroplast and can carry out photosynthesis. Unlike most unicellular organisms Volvox does not live alone. Instead, this protist forms a group of cells known as a colony.

Volvox continued… A colony consists if a hollow sphere that contain from 500 to 60,000 Volvox. Cells near the surface of the Volvox colony are specialized to move. Each of these cells has two small flagella that are used to propel the colony through water.

Question??? Is the protists Volvox similar to an animal cell? Explain your answer. Yes, because it has specialized cells at the surface of its colony

Animal-like Protists Some protists are described as animal-like. Like animals, these protists do not make their own food and can move independently. However, these protists differ from animals because most are unicellular, lacking specialized cells.

Question??? Explain specialized cells. Cells that have a specific job. Ex. Brain cells, muscle cells What features do animal-like protists lack? Specialized cells

Amoeba Amoeba Amoeba: is a unicellular protist, capable of movement and obtaining nutrients by feeding on other organisms. Amoebas move using a structure called pseudopods.

Structure of Amoeba Pseudopod: is an extension of the cytoplasm that forms when the cytoplasm extends away from the nucleus. An amoeba pushes the pseudopod forward and the rest of the cell follows. Amoeba also uses the pseudopods for feeding. For example, an amoeba may surround another protist with its pseudopods and slowly ingest the protist.

Structure of Amoeba

Paramecium Paramecium Paramecium: is a unicellular protist that is common in ponds and in slow-moving streams. The cell of the paramecium is almost covered with tiny hairs called cilia that Parameciums use for movement.

Structure of the Paramecium Cilia sweeps quickly back and forth to propel the Paramecium through the water. As the Paramecium moves, it feeds on bacteria, algae, and other organisms. The Paramecium feeds with the help of a structure called the oral groove.

Paramecium continued… Water is constantly entering the Paramecium through the process of osmosis. An organelle called the contractile vacuole pumps water out if the cell to prevent the cell from bursting with excess water.

Copy this chart from page 293 in the EOG Coach Book. Classwork Copy this chart from page 293 in the EOG Coach Book. 2. Complete the Protist worksheet in your packet (with a partner is optional) Protist Structure Locomotion Food Source Special Strucutres Euglena Unicellular Flagellum Autotroph or heterotroph Eyespot Amoeba Pseudopods Heterotroph Contractile vacuole Paramecium Cilia Oral groove, contractile vacuole Volvox Unicellular, Colony Flagella autotroph

Classwork 3. Draw and correctly name these. Which has cilia? Which forms a pseudpod? Which two are plant-like? Which has an eyespot?