Taxonomy Naming organisms D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S Warm – up : Using the following letters, in the same order, come up with a saying that will help you remember this order. Ex. L-O-L = Laugh Out Loud D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S

CLASSIFICATION grouping organisms by similarities and differences (structures, functions, behavior, and DNA)

MODERN CLASSIFICATION compares external and internal structures where they live environment genetic make up. DNA most definitive shows evolutionary relationships

Taxonomy –Naming Organisms Carl Linnaeus- 1st to name using Binomial Nomenclature Genus and species name Homo sapiens (always in italics or underlined) Genus- is a group of similar species. Always capitalized species- (specific epithet)- describes characteristics. Always lower case

COMMON NAMES Common names are not used by scientists...Discuss with your neighbor why you think this is?

D>K>P>C>O>F>G>S Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

A GROUP OF ORGANISMS FROM MOST BROAD TO SPECIFIC TAXON A GROUP OF ORGANISMS FROM MOST BROAD TO SPECIFIC Humans : Domain – Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum – Chordata, Class – Mammalia, Order – Primates, Family – Hominidae, Genus – Homo, Species – sapiens Individual levels are called Taxa

Domains: contain one or more Kingdoms: 1. Bacteria (Eubacteria) 2. Archea- (Archaebacteria) 3. Eukarya- (animals, plants, fungi, protists)

Kingdoms: (6) Archaebacteria- are prokaryotic Eubacteria- are prokaryotic Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia All Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles microscopic unicellular may be autotrophs or heterotrophs

Archaebacteria: Prokaryotes live in extreme environments hot, salty, thermal vents, oxygen- free have a cell wall without peptidoglycan. Ex – Thermophiles, Halophiles, methanogens

Eubacteria include all other prokaryotes decomposers live almost everywhere may be harmful or helpful have a cell walls with peptidoglycan. Ex – Escherichia coli (E. coli) Streptococcus pneumonia

Protist: eukaryotes no organ systems live in moist environments unicellular or multi-cellular

Three types of protists plant-like – autotrophs (Ex – Euglena, Algae, and Kelp) animal-like – heterotrophs (Ex – Amoebas and Paramecium) fungus-like - heterotrophs, reproduce like fungus (Ex – Water molds, Downy molds and slime molds)

Protists – Plant Like

Plant – like Protista Euglena

Protists - Animal Like Amoeba

Protists – Animal Like Paramecium

Protists – Fungus Like (slime mold)

Fungus eukaryotes unicellular or multi-cellular heterotrophs do not move absorb nutrients from organic matter (decomposers) Cell walls made of Chitin

Plants eukaryotes multi-cellular Photosynthetic (autotrophic) do not move about has cell wall and chloroplasts Organized cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Animals eukaryotes multi-cellular heterotrophs most can move no cell wall cell – tissues- organ- organ system

Cladistics a biological system of classification based on phylogeny cladogram- a model of the phylogeny of a species identifying derived traits closer on the cladogram, probably share more recent ancestry

Cladogram

Basis for Modern Taxonomy: Modern taxonomists classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions & show common ancestry The bones in a bat's wing, human's arm, penguin's flipper are the same (homologous), but the function is different 

Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures Analogous structures have the same function, but different structures & do not show a close relationship (insect wing & bird's wing)

Analogous Structures

Embryonic Development Similarity in embryo development shows a close relationship (vertebrate embryos all have tail & gill slits)

Embryonic Development

Genetic Code Similarity in DNA & amino acid sequences of proteins show related organisms

Phylogeny the evolutionary history of a species