Kingdom: Protista described as Are in this kingdom if they cannot be classified as a plant, fungus or animal Many different kinds Unicellular multicellular diatoms kelp described as plant-like: animal-like: fungus-like: Euglena Paramecium Slime mold

Reproduction Asexual by binary fission (mitotic growth) this results in two identical cells Fungus-like can produce spores like molds Sexual reproduction via conjugation

Growth and Development Mitotic growth

Regulation Chemotaxis: moves toward a food source Has specialized receptors to detect food chemicals Phototaxis: moves toward an area of light Has specialized receptors to detect light Euglena (plant-like) Chloroplasts Eyespot

Nutrition Animal-like: ex. Amoeba Plant-like: ex. Euglena Endocytosis: (taking into cell) Phagotcytosis (eating) Pinocytosis (drinking) Photosynthesis: using sunlight to produce food (glucose)

Nutrition cont’d Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs with cell walls.  Feed on dead or decaying materials

Excretion Exocytosis: (exiting the cell) Water balance Waste particles in vacuoles fuse w/ the cell membrane and are expelled from the cell Water balance Many protists live in water, and must regulate how much is in or out of cell. Contractile Vacuoles (act as pumps)

Transport Substances move throughout cell by simple diffusion, and by the movement of food vacuoles (phagocytosis), vesicles (pinocytosis) and contractile vacuoles (water pumps.)

Synthesis Photosynthesis: uses sun to synthesize (“to make”) their own food (glucose). 1st Food particles taken in by heterotrophs are broken down by digestive enzymes into smaller building blocks usually by hydrolysis reactions (breaking apart by H2O). Carbohydrates glucose Proteins amino acids Fats fatty acids, glycerol Nucleic acids nucleotides (n-base, sugar, phosphate)

Synthesis cont’d 2nd These building blocks are then synthesized into the large molecules needed by the cell usually through dehydration reactions (linking together by the removal of H2O). Glucose + glucose carbohydrates Amino acid + amino acid proteins Fatty acids + glycerol fats, lipids Nucleotide + nucleotide nucleic acids

Respiration Oxygen and carbon dioxide (gases) enter and leave the cell through their cell membranes by the process of simple diffusion (movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration).

Additional Information: Protists are often categorized by how they move. Ciliates: move by cilia Flagellates: move by flagella Amoeboid movement: move by pseudopodia (false feet)