Chapter 1 Themes of bio Characteristics of living things The Scientific Method Microscopes and Measurements

Bio- logy: study of Life (Time line of life with arms)

Why Study Biology? To learn how living things…. LIVE! What is it made up of? How does it work? How does it interact with others? To help you make informed decisions on issues that impact YOU and YOUR society organisms

A living thing aka ORGANISM

Why is a virus NOT considered to be living? 1) It is not a cell 2) It cannot reproduce without a host organism 3) No Metabolic functions

M for Multicellular Organism U for Unicellular Organism

History of Classifying R. Whittaker Carl Woese 5 KINGDOMS: PLANT ANIMAL FUNGI PROTIST MONERA 3 DOMAINS: EUKARYOTES PLANT ANIMAL FUNGI PROTIST PROKAROTES ARCHAEBACTERIA

3 Domains EUKARYA PROKARYA ARCHAEBACTERIA

Domain Archaea

Domain Prokarya Cocci Bacilli, Spirilli

Domain Prokarya Cyanobacteria - photosynthetic

4 Kingdoms (of Eukarya) ANIMAL PLANT FUNGI PROTIST

Kingdom Protista Euglena

Red Algae Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista Volvox – multicellular colony

Kingdom Protista Ameba

Paramecium Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi

1.1 The 6 Themes in Biology Structure & Function Maintaining a Balance (Homeostasis) Reproduction & Inheritance Evolution Interdependence of Organisms (Ecology) Matter, Energy, and Organization

1. Cell Structure & Function The cell is the ? Basic unit of life Organisms can be one-celled Unicellular Or made up of one or more cells Multicellular

Differentiation The process when an undifferentiated embryonic cell becomes specialized to do a function such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. Cells become different from each other as they multiply and specialize in their function told to them by their: DNA

2. Stability & Homeostasis Homeostasis – stable level of: Internal conditions

3. Reproduction & Inheritance All organisms produce new organisms by: Reproduction Organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring Hereditary information: DNA

Gene Short segment of DNA that contains instructions for development of a: single trait Made up of 3 ? Nucleotides (building blocks of DNA)

4. Evolution of Life Populations of organisms EVOLVE, or CHANGE over generations (TIME).  The "Theory of Evolution" helps us to understand how many kinds of organisms that have lived on Earth came into existence.

Scientist suggest that a process called NATURAL SELECTION is the most important driving force in Evolution – Organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to successfully reproduce – SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

The survival of organisms with favorable traits causes a gradual change in populations of organisms over many generations. POPULATIONS CHANGE, NOT INDIVIDUALS

Changes over time that gave us the modern day horse, this occurred over 57 million years.

Adaptive Trait A trait that gives the individual an advantage in survival or reproduction, under a given set of circumstances

Adaptation

Structure Has to do with Function Bone Flight Neuron Mitochondrion

5. Interdependencies Among Organisms Producers Make their own food AUTOTROPHS Consumers Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers HETEROTROPHS Decomposers Break down remains and wastes

Energy Flow Usually starts with energy from the:

CONSUMERS,DECOMPOSERS Producers capture, convert, and use or store some energy from the sun. PRODUCERS NUTRIENT CYCLING CONSUMERS,DECOMPOSERS ONE-WAY FLOW OF ENERGY Energy gets transferred from one organism to another; in time, all flows back to the environment. Fig. 1.6, p. 7

6. Matter, Energy, and Organization Living things are highly ORGANIZED, Made up of MATTER that are maintained by a constant supply of ? ENERGY

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS All living things must have……… ?

How do you know smthg is LIVING? THE SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE: Made up of 1 or more CELLS Has ORGANIZATION 3. USES ENERGY or metabolism 4. Maintains HOMEOSTASIS 5. GROWS 6. Can REPRODUCE + Responds to a stimulus + Evolved from smthg – change through time + Must Die + Has DNA

A cell is the smallest unit having the capacity to and (and then die) 1. BASIC UNIT OF LIFE – THE CELL A cell is the smallest unit having the capacity to and (and then die) live reproduce

2. Organization – living things HAVE organization and ARE organized All things are made up of the same units of matter: atoms  elements  molecules

Levels of Organization Multicellular Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Cell tissue organ organ system

What are the 5 most important ELEMENTS in living things? C H O N P

The 4 Macromolecules! proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates Living things are made of up of a certain set of molecules The 4 Macromolecules! proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates

P E N C I L roteins ipids ucleic acids arbohydrates

Levels of Organization Molecular Level :  atoms and molecules of which an organism is made- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and DNA – the encoded instructions for making many other molecules necessary for life.

2. Cellular Level:  The smallest unit of life 3. Tissue Level:  A group of cells

4. Organ Level:  groups of ___________ 5. Organ System Level:  6. Organism Level: groups of ____________

7. Population Level:  group of ______________ of the same species 8. Community Level:  Groups of ____________ of different species 9. Ecosystem Level:  plus the environment.  10. All the Ecosystems = the Biosphere.

3. Metabolism Energy metabolism a) : Capacity to do work Living things use energy to power all the life processes (growth, repair, movement). All energy begins with the b) Metabolism: the sum of all the chemical reactions by which cells acquire and transform energy and materials from the environment to grow, survive, and reproduce Energy use depends on metabolism

What would happen if all AUTOTROPHIC organisms died, leaving only HETEROTROPHIC organisms? Heterotrophs would die, too! They depend on autotrophs to MAKE the food from sun and chemicals

4. Homeostasis – “Balance” Living Things, from single cells to multi-cellular organisms, maintain very stable internal conditions such as temperature, water content, and even food intake. b) Maintaining this stable level of internal conditions is called and is found in all living things, including single cells. Homeostasis

5. Growth and Development A. Growth of living things results from the _____________ of cells and cell ___________ 1) cells increase in size by incorporating materials and changing them into molecules that they need. 2) unicellular organisms go through cell division and then cell enlargement 3) multi-cellular organisms mature through cell division, cell enlargement and development B. Development is the process by which cells differentiate and become specialized for different functions growth division

How does growth of a rock differ from growth of a living thing? Rocks accumulate material and physically get bigger L.T. will have their cells GROW in size (from consuming energy) and then DIVIDE (mitosis)

Development

6. Reproduction Why is reproduction an important characteristic of life? It allows LIFE to continue on (not one living thing tho)

How do organisms produce offspring like themselves? SEXUAL or ASEXUAL reproduction passing their genetic info on

Reproduction

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) The signature molecule of life Molecule of inheritance Directs assembly of amino acids

+. EVOLUTION – change through time Populations evolve, not INDIVIDUALS b) If species don’t evolve to an environmental change… they DONE!  c) Evolution causes BIODIVERSITY d) Evolution takes a LONG TIME!

How come we can’t yet discover, identify, and describe ALL ORGANISMS? 99% of them are EXTINCT ! Can’t get to them (oceans, caves, soil) Can’t see them (microscopic) And there’s a LOT of BIODIVERSITY!

+. Sensing and Responding to Stimuli a) Organisms sense physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment and make responses to them b) Organisms must be able to to changes in their environment to stay alive respond or react

Response Venus Fly Trap