Basic concepts of Information technology By: Norah Alsufyan

Contents Information Technology Concept Types of Computer What is information technology (IT) ? The Functions Of Information Technology The Benefits of Information Technology Types of Computer Microcomputers Midrange computers Mainframes Supercomputers Data Representation By: Norah Alsufyan

Contents Computer System What does a computer do ? Hardware Software Computer Hardware Components System unit CPU Memory Storage Input and output Software System software Application software What does a computer do ? By: Norah Alsufyan

Information Technology Concept By: Norah Alsufyan

What is Information Technology (IT) ? Information technology is “ Using technology (especially computers and telecommunications) for create , storing, retrieving, processing , secure and exchange information”. IT is almost everywhere , used by Companies Governments Universities and collages Hospital Ordinary people Success in business is largely determined by the effectiveness with which information technology is used. Information technology is embedded in many products and services By: Norah Alsufyan

The Functions Of Information Technology By: L.Norah alsufyan =)

The Functions Of Information Technology Capture: This is the process of compiling information Example: AMAZON.COM use internet cookies to capture data about a customer’s purchases via their website. Processing: The process of converting, analyzing, computing, and producing all forms of data, information. Information Processing Image Processing Voice Processing By: L.Norah alsufyan =)

The Functions Of Information Technology Generation: The process of organizing information into a useful form, whether as numbers, text, sound, or visual image. Storage and Retrieval: Storage is the computer process of retaining information for future use. Retrieval is the process by which a computer locates and copies stored data or information for further processing or for transmission to another user. Example : Search Engine like Google , Bing , Yahoo ” these companies have data centers which store information which can be used at a latter stage by the end user who will be searching for information online. Transmission: The computer process of distributing information over a communications network. Electronic Mail, or E-Mail Voice Messaging, or Voice Mail By: L.Norah alsufyan =)

The Benefits of Information Technology There are four main benefits for Information technology which are : Speed Consistency Precision Reliability Information consistency refers to text, images, and other content remaining the same regardless of how and where they are presented. In other words, though the presentation may vary with the media, the content remains the same. This holds true whether it’s a printed publication, a Web page, mobile device, or a word processing format— to name just a few. Ensuring this consistency frequently involves managing several different formats and multiple source documents. A change at any one point requires changes at all other points. As the number of presentation formats and source documents increase, so does the percentage of errors and inconsistencies, since the original author does not always perform the changes. Ownership of the content and responsibility for maintaining consistency can become muddied in this process. As one Webmaster explained, “They [content developers] rely on us [technical team] because we have always done this, if the text doesn’t read right, we’ll have to rewrite it ... so it falls on us.” By: Norah Alsufyan

The Benefits of Information Technology Speed Users of information technology can use tools like computers to perform different tasks faster, such as: calculation and filtering . Computer can perform multiple functions on the same time which can not be done by humans. Computers have applications which can store data in a systematic way making it easy to understand and organize important facts. Organizations can use internet to interact with their customers in real time and respond to their needs. By: L.Norah alsufyan =)

The Benefits of Information Technology Consistency The information will be consistent in all departments or branches of the company. Example : you can use your order number to track your order in real time. Precision or accuracy The information will be accurate. Even though information technology is managed by humans, it is more likely to be more accurate than humans. Example : computers never make mistakes in calculation. Branchs By: L.Norah alsufyan =)

The Benefits of Information Technology Reliability Information technology systems can run 24hrs 7 days a week. These systems can only be interrupted for repairs and maintenance which takes just a few hours and the system will be up for use. This is a win-win process for both organizations and customers who need the service in time. Let’s take a simple example of a Bank. This is a financial institution whose services are needed by the end-user on time. Banks use IT systems to deliver services like remote banking so customers can easily deposit money, withdraw money or print out bank statements without coming to a physical main branch of that bank. IT experts make sure that these remote ATM machines and other remote banking systems are running all the time, they can do maintenance in the late hours when users are not active so that they do not interrupt the service when needed by the user. جدير بالثقة By: L.Norah alsufyan =)

Activity #8 - Group Work 5- 6- 7- 8- 9. 8-  9. A and B are the input signals and X is the output signal. Boolean expression: A  B (A XOR B) Logic Diagram: Truth Table A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0   If both inputs are the same value, XOR returns a 0; otherwise XOR returns a 1. 10. Boolean expression: (A  B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) 0 0 1 If the inputs are different or both 0, NAND returns a 1; if both are 1, it returns a 0. 11. Boolean expression: (A + B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) If the inputs are both 0, NOR returns a 1; otherwise NOR returns a 0. 42. Compare and contrast the AND gate and the NOR gate. An AND gate produces a 1 as output only if both inputs are 1, whereas a NAND gate produces a 1 as output in all cases /except/ when both inputs are 1. That is, the AND and NAND gates produce opposite results. The values produced by one of these gates can be replicated by inverting the results produced by the other. 12.  A B C X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X = A . B . C 44. Draw and label the symbol for a three-input OR gate, then show its behavior with a truth table. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X = A + B + C

Types Of Computer Computers come in four sizes: Microcomputers Midrange computers Mainframes Supercomputers By: Norah Alsufyan

Types Of Computer Microcomputers: is a small, relatively inexpensive computer ,the most common of all, easily outsells all other types of computers annually for use in business and at home. Five types of Microcomputers: Desktop Computers Notebook Computers/Laptop Computers Tablet Handheld computer , such as : smartphone By: Norah Alsufyan

Types Of Computer Mainframes are a type of computer that generally are known for their large size, amount of storage and processing power. More powerful and larger than a microcomputer. Primarily used by large organizations for mission-critical applications requiring high volumes of data processing , such as census , consumer statistics and financial transaction processing. Midrange computers is a computer smaller than a mainframe, but larger than a microcomputer. A medium-sized computer Computers that are more powerful and capable than microcomputer computers but less powerful and capable than mainframe computers. By: Norah Alsufyan

Types Of Computer Supercomputers: The most powerful and largest computers Supercomputers were designed to solve problems consisting of long and difficult calculations. Example: NASA and Weather forecasting By: Norah Alsufyan

Data Representation Data representation refers to the internal method used to represent various types of data stored on a computer. By: Norah Alsufyan

Data Representation Data refers to the words, numbers, figures, sounds, and graphics that describe people, events, things, and ideas Binary digits (bits) value is either 0 or 1 A series of eight bits (8 bits) is called a byte Kilobyte (KB or K) = 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = approx. one million bytes Gigabyte (GB) = approx. one billion bytes Terabyte (TB) = approx. one trillion bytes ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange By: Norah Alsufyan

Computer System A computer system consists of : hardware software By: Norah Alsufyan

Computer System System: A set of components that interact to accomplish a purpose. A computer system consists of two major elements which are complement each others: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer Example : mouse , CPU, memory and monitor. Software refers to the intangible components of a computer system, particularly the programs, or lists of instructions, the computer needs to perform a specific task Example : Windows and Microsoft word. By: Norah Alsufyan

Hardware and Software are Complement Each Other We can equate hardware and software with human body and human intelligence, respectively. All human physical actions such as walking and eating are based on the thoughts and feelings, which is raised by the brain. If the brain does not raise thoughts and feelings, we do not perform any physical activity. Similarly, the actions and functioning of every hardware equipment is driven by software. The combination of physical equipment (hardware) and logical instructions (software) gives modern computing system their power and versatility. The computer performs operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division only when the user instructs it to do so. The user issues instructions and the CPU acts in accordance with the instructions. The sets of instructions, which control the sequence of operations, are known as programs , and collectively programs are called software. By: Norah Alsufyan

Activity #9 - Group Work 5- 6- 7- 8- 9. 8-  9. A and B are the input signals and X is the output signal. Boolean expression: A  B (A XOR B) Logic Diagram: Truth Table A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0   If both inputs are the same value, XOR returns a 0; otherwise XOR returns a 1. 10. Boolean expression: (A  B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) 0 0 1 If the inputs are different or both 0, NAND returns a 1; if both are 1, it returns a 0. 11. Boolean expression: (A + B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) If the inputs are both 0, NOR returns a 1; otherwise NOR returns a 0. 42. Compare and contrast the AND gate and the NOR gate. An AND gate produces a 1 as output only if both inputs are 1, whereas a NAND gate produces a 1 as output in all cases /except/ when both inputs are 1. That is, the AND and NAND gates produce opposite results. The values produced by one of these gates can be replicated by inverting the results produced by the other. 12.  A B C X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X = A . B . C 44. Draw and label the symbol for a three-input OR gate, then show its behavior with a truth table. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X = A + B + C

Hardware Physical components of a computer By: Norah Alsufyan

Computer Hardware Components A typical computer is made up of: The motherboard is the main electronic component of the computer System Unit Input devices and output devices Multimedia Devices Computer hardware designed to display, store, record or play multimedia content such as photos, music and videos. Types of multimedia devices include microphones, speakers, cameras and headphones. By: Norah Alsufyan

System Unit The central component of the system The Processor: corresponds to the CPU Memory: RAM and ROM Storage: Hard Disk or Removable Storage devices By: Norah Alsufyan

The Processor (CPU) A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program. This unit performs processing of instructions and data CPU is your computers brain. The processor tells your computer what to do and when to do it. Does the calculations Speed is very important – measured in megahertz (MHz): the faster the processor the more calculations performed per second. By: Norah Alsufyan

Memory Memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. Measured in bytes  One byte = eight bits  Types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) : Volatile memory Cache memory(RAM cache or CPU cache) : - Volatile memory Virtual memory: Volatile memory Read-only memory(ROM) : nonvolatile memory By: Norah Alsufyan

Types Of Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Used by the Computer as the working area Holds the working program, the data being processed and the interim results Volatile - contents are erased if power is cut Can be accessed randomly: can get any piece of data directly. Faster than permanent storage Not to be confused with ROM (Read-Only Memory) By: Norah Alsufyan

Types Of Memory Cache memory (CPU memory) Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU. Volatile - contents are erased if power is cut Virtual memory Virtual memory meant the idea of using disk to extend RAM. By: Norah Alsufyan

Types Of Memory Read-only memory(ROM) Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed / modified and can only be read since these instructions do not need to be changed very often. Read-only memory (ROM) contains the instructions for what needs to happen when a computer is powered on. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM is volatile. By: Norah Alsufyan

Storage Saved permanently- records and stores all programs and data / information Types of Storage media Hard Disk Optical storage device - CD – DVD – CD-R – CD-RW –DVD-RW – DVD-R – CD-ROM Flash memory Flash memory cards USB flash storage device By: Norah Alsufyan

Input and Output The data or instructions you type into the computer are called input The result of the computer processing your input is referred to as output Peripheral devices accomplish input and output functions By: Norah Alsufyan

Input Devices You use an input device, such as a keyboard or a mouse, to input data and issue commands – Keyboard – Pointing device :controls the pointer Mouse Trackball Touchpad Pointing stick – Touchscreen – Scanner By: Norah Alsufyan

Output Devices Output devices show you the results of processing data Monitor Printer Laser Inkjet Dot matrix By: Norah Alsufyan

Activity #10 - Group Work 5- 6- 7- 8- 9. 8-  9. A and B are the input signals and X is the output signal. Boolean expression: A  B (A XOR B) Logic Diagram: Truth Table A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0   If both inputs are the same value, XOR returns a 0; otherwise XOR returns a 1. 10. Boolean expression: (A  B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) 0 0 1 If the inputs are different or both 0, NAND returns a 1; if both are 1, it returns a 0. 11. Boolean expression: (A + B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) If the inputs are both 0, NOR returns a 1; otherwise NOR returns a 0. 42. Compare and contrast the AND gate and the NOR gate. An AND gate produces a 1 as output only if both inputs are 1, whereas a NAND gate produces a 1 as output in all cases /except/ when both inputs are 1. That is, the AND and NAND gates produce opposite results. The values produced by one of these gates can be replicated by inverting the results produced by the other. 12.  A B C X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X = A . B . C 44. Draw and label the symbol for a three-input OR gate, then show its behavior with a truth table. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X = A + B + C

Software Intangible components of a computer system By: Norah Alsufyan

Software Generic name of all programs Made up of code interpreted by the hardware Written in programming languages - Java, C and C++ Two kinds of Software: System Application By: Norah Alsufyan

System Software System software helps the computer carryout its basic operating tasks. Example of System software is Operating System (OS) The operating system is a software program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer OS is used to control and manage the hardware components such as keyboard, monitor, printer, etc. OS the driving program of the computer – OS has Multitasking features –  communicates between all programs and the hardware –  manages data to ensure security and integrity –  Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Unix By: Norah Alsufyan

System Software The basic functions of an operating systems are: Process Management Memory Management File Management Security Management User interface By: Norah Alsufyan

basic functions of an operating systems Process Management: It handles the creation, deletion, suspension, resumption, and synchronization of process. Press Ctrl+Alt+Del. Use this shortcut if your computer freezes while you are middle in of running a particular application Press Ctrl+Alt+Del -> Start up Many applications these days hook into your Windows Startup process and automatically load up each time you start your computer which make your computer takes longer and longer time to startup so the solution is Disable Startup Programs ” see the picture in the next slide” ver time as you install more and more software you may start to notice that it takes longer and longer for your computer to startup.  More likely than not, this is probably because many applications these days hook into your Windows Startup process and automatically load up each time you start your computer.   For some applications, that’s a good thing (Anti-Virus, Firewall, etc.) and I’m OK with that. However, for the majority of apps out there it’s just a resource SUCK which is doing nothing more than taking up memory, CPU, and extending my startup times.  BAD MONKEY! By: Norah Alsufyan

By: Norah Alsufyan

basic functions of an operating systems Memory Management: It handles allocation and de-allocation of memory space as required by various programs. Press Ctrl+Alt+Del. Use this shortcut if your computer stops working suddenly – Memory capacity is full. File Management: It is responsible for creation and deletion of files and directories. It also organizes, stores, retrieves, names, and protects all the files. Right click to the file ->Copy “Ctrl + C” Right click to the file ->Cut “Ctrl + X” Right click to the file -> rename By: Norah Alsufyan

basic functions of an operating systems Device Management: It manages all the devices of the computer system such as printers and modems. If any device fails, it detects the device failure and notifies the same to the user. Control panel -> view by “small icon” -> Device manger Security Management: Protects system resources and information against destruction and unauthorized use. Password to enter your account Control Panel -> user accounts Change permission for each file to the different accounts Right click to the file ->Property ->security -> edit Firewall By: Norah Alsufyan

basic functions of an operating systems The basic functions of an operating systems are: User interface: Provides the interface between the user and the hardware The Graphical User Interface (GUI) Represents all the program / computer resources as icons Workspace represented graphically More usable: led to wider use of computers By: Norah Alsufyan

Applications Software Application software enables you to perform specific computer tasks, such as document production, spreadsheet calculations, and database management Used for the things you want the computer to do Common Examples - Word, Excel, Internet Explorer By: Norah Alsufyan

What does a computer do? AB à C = A + B C Input Processing output By: Norah Alsufyan

Activity #11 - Group Work 5- 6- 7- 8- 9. 8-  9. A and B are the input signals and X is the output signal. Boolean expression: A  B (A XOR B) Logic Diagram: Truth Table A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0   If both inputs are the same value, XOR returns a 0; otherwise XOR returns a 1. 10. Boolean expression: (A  B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) 0 0 1 If the inputs are different or both 0, NAND returns a 1; if both are 1, it returns a 0. 11. Boolean expression: (A + B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) If the inputs are both 0, NOR returns a 1; otherwise NOR returns a 0. 42. Compare and contrast the AND gate and the NOR gate. An AND gate produces a 1 as output only if both inputs are 1, whereas a NAND gate produces a 1 as output in all cases /except/ when both inputs are 1. That is, the AND and NAND gates produce opposite results. The values produced by one of these gates can be replicated by inverting the results produced by the other. 12.  A B C X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X = A . B . C 44. Draw and label the symbol for a three-input OR gate, then show its behavior with a truth table. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X = A + B + C

Lab #4 - Group Work 5- 6- 7- 8-  9. A and B are the input signals and X is the output signal. Boolean expression: A  B (A XOR B) Logic Diagram: Truth Table A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0   If both inputs are the same value, XOR returns a 0; otherwise XOR returns a 1. 10. Boolean expression: (A  B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) 0 0 1 If the inputs are different or both 0, NAND returns a 1; if both are 1, it returns a 0. 11. Boolean expression: (A + B)’ (NOT (A AND B)) If the inputs are both 0, NOR returns a 1; otherwise NOR returns a 0. 42. Compare and contrast the AND gate and the NOR gate. An AND gate produces a 1 as output only if both inputs are 1, whereas a NAND gate produces a 1 as output in all cases /except/ when both inputs are 1. That is, the AND and NAND gates produce opposite results. The values produced by one of these gates can be replicated by inverting the results produced by the other. 12.  A B C X 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 X = A . B . C 44. Draw and label the symbol for a three-input OR gate, then show its behavior with a truth table. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 X = A + B + C

Conclusion The Processor, Memory: and Storage are the system unit. Computer is an electronic device that performs diverse operations with the help of instructions to process the information in order to achieve desired results. Speed, accuracy, versatility, diligence , storage and automation characterize the computers. There are different type of computers : Microcomputers , Midrange computers , Mainframe and Supercomputers. Supercomputers is the most powerful and largest computers. A series of eight bits (8 bits) is called a byte A computer system consists of hardware and software The Processor, Memory: and Storage are the system unit. By: Norah Alsufyan

Conclusion A central processing unit (CPU) carries out the instructions of a computer program. There are four types of memory : RAM, ROM , cache and virtual memory. RAM, ROM , cache and virtual memory are volatile memory , whereas ROM is nonvolatile memory There are four types of Storage media : Hard Disk, Optical storage device , Flash memory. The data or instructions you type into the computer are called input The result of the computer processing your input is referred to as output There are two kinds of Software: System and Application By: Norah Alsufyan