What is a Holocaust? Systematic, state-sponsored genocide of European Jews and other targeted groups

Identification Ms. Rendek and Mr. Bell

Which groups were targeted during the Holocaust?

Identification For destruction of a targeted group, perpetrators must first define who is a member of that group Intended for alienation and eventual annihilation Systematic racial identification Evolutionary

Identification Reading

Political/Legal Identification Nuremberg Laws – Homework Who is a citizen according to the document? Who is a Jew? What kinds of rights or freedoms will be lost? How does this document and its enactment assist with Hitler’s objectives? What do you think would be the results?

“Israel” and “Sarah”

What is the difference between this kind of identification and the id cards? What might be some results of the changes in id?

“Scientific” Why would the Nazi’s want to use science to classify Jews?

Concentration Camp Identification

Expropriation Removing Jews from the social, economic, and cultural life Bans on Jews from entering everyday life - ex. Occupations Aim was to make it so difficult that they would leave

Expropriation Reading

Kristallnacht

Jewish Boycotts - 1933

Evian Conference Many Jews had already fled – countries limiting immigration Americans know of mistreatment – immigrants as competition for jobs/wealth Thirty-two countries meet to discuss Jewish refugees – no action taken (even by US)

Concentration Movement of Jews to one central location Keep them separate from the “racially pure” society Ghettoization and Concentration Camps

Concentration Reading

Ghettos City districts where Jewish population was concentrated - control and segregation Jewish ruling council and police – controlled by the Nazis Overcrowded, scarce food, denial of medicine Illegal activities for survival – ex. Smuggling Largest – Warsaw Ghetto

Concentration Camps Hold those who are political dissidents or are “asocial” Targets those who are a conflict to racial purification of policy Labor

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/auschwitz/videos/arnold-ropeik-on-the-concentration-camps

Do Now: What do you think is going on in this image? What is the author’s message? Discuss parts of the image in your response.

Annihilation Final stage of genocide theory Aim is to totally destroy or obliterate the targeted group – The Final Solution Use of force and resources to accomplish

Annihilation Annihilation Reading

Operation Barbarossa Invade the USSR – beginning of annihilation as a policy Need a way to eliminate the Eastern European Jews

Mobile Killing Units Round up targeted population Have targeted members dig mass grave Shoot members of the targeted group

Why would mobile killing units be inefficient?

Killing Centers Also known as death camps or extermination camps Usually use gas or shot to death Upon arrival separate into two groups – those who will immediately be killed and those who will be used as labor

Gas Chambers Can kill people fast; impersonal Use of Zyklon B or carbon monoxide Goal was to make the process efficient

Gas Chambers Process Guards round groups to be gassed up Have them undress in an undressing cellar Move into gas chamber – seal door Add Zyklon-B from ceiling – five to ten minutes for suffocation – ventilation Open door – other Jews take out bodies and prepare for cremation

"It could be observed that those who were closest to the induction vents were killed at once. It can be said that about one-third died straightaway. The remainder staggered about and began to scream and struggle for air. The screaming, however, soon changed to the death rattle and in a few minutes all lay still." (Berenbaum 170)  "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard and it was clear that they fought for their lives" (Berenbaum 163). 

Crematorium Jews were forced to move the dead bodies from the gas chambers to the crematorium Put the bodies into large ovens and burn or incinerate with gasoline

Example: Auschwitz Gas chamber could hold ~2,500 at one time Of the 405,000 registered prisoners, 65,000 survived Of the 16,000 Soviet POW's, 96 survived Various estimates suggest 1.6 million were murdered http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/auschwitz

Liberation Reading