CHAPTER 1: The History of Family Therapy: Evolution and Revolution Family Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice 6th Edition Samuel T. Gladding Developed by Nathaniel N. Ivers, Wake Forest University © (2015, 2011, 2007) by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Overview History and Development of Family Therapy Before 1940 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010 and beyond

Before 1940 Inhibitors of Growth of Family Therapy Contributors to Growth of Family Therapy

Factors Inhibiting Family Therapy Before 1940 Myth of rugged individualism intertwined with the belief that prosperity was ordained by God. Tradition Theoretical emphases of the time Psychoanalysis Behaviorism

Catalysts for Growth of Family Therapy Growth of college enrollment for women Family Life Education Ernest Groves Initial establishment of marriage counseling Abraham and Hannah Stone Emily Mudd Paul Popenoe Founding of the National Council on Family Relations in 1938 Work of county home extension agents

Family Therapy: 1940-1949 AAMC formed in 1942 by Ernest Groves et al. Bela Mittleman’s 1948 publication of the first account of concurrent marital therapy Studies that examined the families of individuals with schizophrenia by Theodore Lidz Schism Skew World War II Created considerable stress to many families Produced awareness of need to work with families experiencing trauma National Mental Health Act of 1946

Family Therapy: 1950 to 1959 Considered the genesis of the family therapy movement by some historians Focus on influential leaders Nathan Ackerman Gregory Bateson Don Jackson Milton Erickson Carl Whitaker Murray Bowen Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Family Therapy: 1960 to 1969 Characterized by rapid growth and expansion Working with families gained more acceptance Prominent family therapists of the 1960s Development of Systems Theory State Licensure for Family Therapists in California in 1963 Establishment of institutes and training centers

Influential Family Therapy Leaders of the 1960s Jay Haley Salvador Minuchin Virginia Satir Carl Whitaker John E. Bell

Jay Haley Developed a version of Strategic Family Therapy Influenced by Milton Erickson Emphasizes gaining and maintaining power during treatment Uses directives as well as insight Edited Family Process

Salvador Minuchin Developed Structural Family Therapy Did not have formal training in treating families Trained members of local Black community as paraprofessional family therapists

Virginia Satir Emphasized nurturing her clients Highlighted the importance of self-esteem, compassion, and congruent expression of feelings Published Conjoint Family Therapy (1964)

Carl Whitaker Considered creative and wise Known for affective-based, spontaneous interventions Connected professionals with similar interests

John E. Bell Used group therapy with families Believed in including all children ages 9 and above in family therapy sessions

Systems Theory System (e.g., family) Set of elements interacting with one another, with each element influenced by the other elements Only as strong as its weakest parts Greater than the sum of its individual parts Organized in a particular manner with more or less permeable boundaries Potentially self-regulating with the goal of homeostasis Focused less on linear causality and more on circular causality

Family Therapy: 1970-1979 Increase in membership for the AAMFT Founding of the American Family Therapy Academy (AFTA) Refinement of theories Influence of foreign therapies and therapists Growth of family enrichment Introduction of feminism into family therapy field

Family Therapy: 1980 to 1989 Change in family therapy leadership Growth in number of individuals and associations dedicated to family therapy Increase in research related to family therapy Introduction of multisystemic therapy Increased national recognition of marriage and family therapists

Family Therapy: 1990 to 1999 New family therapy theories and specialties emerged Feminist Family Therapy Reflecting team approach Therapeutic conversations model Psychoeducational model Internal family systems model Cybernetic approach Increased professional recognition, affiliation, accreditation, and licensure

Family Therapy: 2000 to 2009 Growth of the profession globally Accreditation of family therapists Development of culturally effective family-based research

Family Therapy: 2010 to the Present Increased use of technology Revision of the code of ethics of both the AAMFT and the IAMFC 2012 Publication of the DSM-5 Supreme court decisions on marriage