Agroforestry for free-range pig production in Denmark

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Presentation transcript:

Agroforestry for free-range pig production in Denmark Authors: Anne Grete Kongsted*, Heidi Mai-Lis Andersen, John E. Hermansen, Dept. Agroecology, Aarhus University, DK *Anneg.kongsted@agro.au.dk Date 25-04-2017 AU University European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 613520

Free-range pig production in DK Sows Outdoor all year round on pasture Nose-ringed Pregnant sows in groups Lactating sows in individual paddocks Piglets weaned at 7-8 weeks of age Growing pigs Housed in stables with outdoor runs 2.3 m2/pig Access to roughage Slaughtered at 110 kg live weight

Why combine pigs and trees? Overall idea Increased productivity Pork and tree biomass produced on the same area Reduced nitrate leaching because the trees: have deep root systems with nutrient uptakes across a long growing season remove N from the area when harvested are more robust to the pig's rooting behavior than grass

Why combine pigs and trees? Overall idea ….continued Reduced NH3 volatilization, since trees Lower the wind speed over the ground Reduce the solar radiation on the ground Leaves ‘catch’ nitrogen Improved animal welfare as the trees provide Shadow Shelter An enriched environment

Systems with free-range pigs integrated with energy crops Objective 1: to identify important challenges in terms of implementing integrated free-range pig and energy crop production in practice Objective 2: to identify and communicate ‘best practice’ in relation to design and manage an agroforestry system for free-range pig production Objective 3: to evaluate nutrient emissions, crop damages, crop yields and animal behaviour in a combined energy crop and pig production system

Description of the system An overview over the individual farrowing paddocks with poplar trees

Description of the system Each paddock is separated by an electric fence keeping the sow within the paddock, but allows the piglets to run between paddocks

Description of the system The paddock are provided with a hut, a feed- and water trough. During warm periods a mud wallow is established to avoid sun burn

Description of the system The low electric fence makes it possible to drive between paddocks with for example feed, drinking water or water for the wallow

Description of the system The trees as e.g. poplar and willows can be harvested on a regularly basis to produce tree biomass that can be used as e.g. rooting material for the growing pigs

Description of the system The sows use the trees to provide shadows and rubbing for skin care

Description of the system The sows use of the tress (rubbing and biting) can causes bark damages on individual trees, however the trees recover well during a year without pigs

Description of the system The trees should be protected against the sows until the trees are four years (poplar). The piglets can have access after two years. This reduces the need for supplementing weed control

Preliminary results Benefits and challenges from the farmers point of view The positive benefits of the systems were considered by the farmers to be improved animal health and welfare landscape aesthetics reduced nutrient leaching and ammonia losses enhanced biodiversity.

Preliminary results Benefits and challenges from the farmers point of view The key negative issues of the systems were considered to be: the administrative burden in relation to CAP support payment and labour requirements The key challenges and constraints included the fencing of the paddocks restrictions in machinery access the uncertainty over the profitability of the system

Preliminary results Effect of trees on environment Nutrient surpluses in paddocks with lactating sows are often very high mainly due to high nutrient inputs from concentrated feed Calculations of N balances at paddock level reveal that removal of N from tree biomass (20 % tree cover in each paddock) are not enough to counteract the high surpluses even if the trees (including leaves) are harvested once every year.

Preliminary results Effect of trees on environment To reduce the risk of nutrient leaching in integrated systems with trees it is important that the majority of feces and urine is deposited close to the trees, however: When the trees are placed at the end of the lactating paddock, a large proportion of the excretory behavior is performed outside the tree area. The excretory behavior was affected by the hut and feed location We expect that the majority of the urine and feces would be deposited in the tree area if the trees were places in the middle of the paddock with the main resources (hut and feed) placed on each side of the tree area

Recommendations Poplar trees should be established at least four years before sow access to prevent destruction. Piglets can have access after two years without destroying the trees. Cutting all branches in 1 m height seems to reduce tree bark damages of poplar trees. Further, it reduces the risk of sows using the branches as nest material in the farrowing huts. The latter may increase the risk of piglet mortality because the piglets’ mobility inside the hut is inhibited the first hours after birth.

Recommendations Two rows of 4-year old poplar trees in each paddock established with 3 m intra- and inter-row spacing are not enough to prevent sunburn of lactating sows under Danish conditions. A mud wallow should therefore be provided.

Read and see more… More details at: http://agforward.eu/index.php/en/free-range-pigs-integrated-with-energy- crops.html A video clip from one of the farms: https://www.flickr.com/photos/agforward/15605200701/ pEcosystem (A Danish project, in Danish): http://agro.au.dk/forskning/projekter/pecosystem/ Homepage of one of the farms (in Danish): http://hestbjerg.dk/

European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 613520 www.agforward.eu